Understanding of Marketing, Objectives and Concepts According to Experts
Marketing - Definition, Objectives, Functions, Concepts, Types, Strategies, Experts: Marketing is the process of preparing integrated communication that aims to provide information about goods or services in relation to satisfying human needs and desires.
Marketing strategy
Understanding of Marketing
Marketing is the process of preparing integrated communication which aims to provide information about goods or services in relation to satisfying human needs and desires. Marketing begins with the fulfillment of human needs which then grows into human desires. For example, a human needs water to meet thirsty needs.
If there is a glass of thirsty water needs will be met. But humans not only want to fulfill their needs, but also want to fulfill their desires, for example a glass of Aqua brand water that is clean and easy to carry. The man then chose a bottle of Aqua needed by thirst and desire that was also easy to carry.
The process of fulfilling human needs and desires which is a marketing concept. Starting from the fulfillment of the product (product), price (price), delivery of goods (place), and promote goods (promotion). Someone who works in marketing is called a marketer. Marketers must have knowledge in marketing concepts and principles so that marketing activities can be achieved in accordance with human needs and desires, especially intended consumers.
Understanding of Marketing According to Experts
Kotler & Armstrong
Marketing is the managerial process of people in getting what they want and need through the creation and exchange of products offered and the value of their products to others.
Philp Kotler
A human activity aimed at meeting the needs of society through an exchange process.
Philip & Duncan
Marketing is something that consists of all the steps used to place goods that are bought and sold to buyers or consumers.
Large Language Dictionary
Marketing is a process; way; working in merchandise marketing; middle-class subjects spread across the wider community.
According to W. Y. Stanton
Marketing is something that covers all systems related to the purpose of planning and pricing up to promoting and distributing goods and services that can satisfy the needs of actual and potential buyers.
According to Wikipedia
Marketing is the process of preparing integrated communication and aims to provide information about the goods or services purchased and sold related to meeting the wants and needs of the community.
Also Read Articles That May Be Associated: Understanding of Personnel Management and Its Function and Purpose
Based on the above definition, the marketing process starts from finding what consumers want. Which ultimately has marketing objectives, namely:
Potential consumers to know in detail the products we produce and companies can provide all their requests for our products.
The company can explain in detail all activities related to marketing. This marketing activity includes a variety of activities, ranging from product description, product design, product promotion, product advertising, communication to consumers, to product delivery to reach consumers' hands quickly.
Get to know and understand the customer so that this product is suitable and can be sold by itself.
In general, marketing activities are related to the coordination of several business activities. This marketing strategy is influenced by factors such as the following:
Micro factors, namely marketing intermediaries, suppliers, competitors and the public
Macro factors, namely demography / economy, politics / law, technology / physical and social / culture.
Here are things to consider for marketing: From a seller's perspective:
A strategic place
Product quality
Competitive price
An intense promotion
From a consumer's perspective:
Consumer needs and desires
Consumer costs
Convenience
Communication
From what has been discussed above there are some things that can be concluded, that the manufacture of products or services desired by consumers must be the focus of company operations and planning. Sustainable marketing must coordinate well with various departments (not only in marketing), so as to create synergies in efforts to carry out marketing activities.
Marketing Objectives
The purpose of marketing is to attract attention and make interest. Marketing can create a brand image, to change that image and make people interested in what you sell. Marketing of products or services has never been done especially with billboards and print advertisements and is now generally done online and through social media. Marketing efforts, approaches and messages continue to grow. Instead of changing your product to keep up with changing times and tastes, you can change your marketing to make the product look as if it doesn't exist.
Marketing Functions
1. Exchange Function
With marketing buyers can buy products from producers either by exchanging money with products or exchanging products for products (barter) for their own use or for resale.
2. Physical Distribution Function
Physical distribution of a product is done by transporting and storing products. Products transported from producers approach consumers' needs in many ways through water, land, air, etc. Storage of products prioritizes maintaining product supply so as not to lack when needed.
3. Intermediary Function
To deliver products from the hands of producers to consumers, it can be done through marketing intermediaries that link exchange activities with physical distribution. Intermediary function activities include risk reduction, financing, information search and product standardization / classification.
Marketing concept
The core concepts of marketing include: needs, wants, demands, production, utilities, values and satisfaction; exchanges, transactions and market relations, marketing and markets. We can distinguish between needs, wants and requests. The need is felt the absence of a state certain basic satisfaction. Desire is a strong desire for satisfaction that is specific to deeper needs. Whereas Demand is the desire for specific products that are supported by the ability and willingness to buy it.
Various Marketing Concepts
The marketing concept says that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing the expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
In marketing there are six concepts that are the basis of the implementation of an organization's marketing activities, namely: the concept of production, product concepts, sales concepts, marketing concepts, social marketing concepts, and global marketing concepts.
Production concept
The concept of production believes that consumers will like products that are available everywhere and the price is cheap. This concept is oriented towards production by exerting all efforts to achieve high product efficiency and broad distribution. Here the task of management is to produce as many goods as possible, because consumers are considered to be receiving products that are widely available with their purchasing power.
Product concept
The product concept says that consumers will like products that offer the best quality, performance and characteristics. The task of management here is to make quality products, because consumers are considered to like high-quality products in appearance with the best features
Sales concept
The concept of sales holds that consumers, simply left, organizations must carry out aggressive sales and promotion efforts.
Marketing concept
The marketing concept says that the purpose of achieving organizational goals consists in determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
The concept of social marketing
The concept of social marketing argues that the task of an organization is to determine the needs, desires and interests of the target market and to provide the expected satisfaction in a more effective and efficient manner than competitors, while preserving or improving the welfare of consumers and society.
The Concept of Global Marketing
In this global marketing concept, executive managers try to understand all the environmental factors that influence marketing through sound strategic management. the ultimate goal is to try to fulfill the wishes of all parties involved in the company.
Understanding of Marketing Strategy
Marketing strategy is making decisions about marketing costs, marketing mix, marketing allocation in relation to the expected environmental conditions and competitive conditions. In marketing strategies, there are three main factors that cause changes in marketing strategies, namely:
Product life cycle
The strategy must be adapted to the stages of the life cycle, namely the introductory stage, the stage of growth, the stage of maturity and the stage of decline.
The company's competitive position in the market
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the company's position in the competition, whether leading, challenging, following or only taking a small part of the market.
Economic situation
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the economic situation and outlook, whether the economy is in a prosperous situation or high inflation.
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Understanding of Marketing Strategy
Understanding of Marketing Strategy
Marketing strategy is making decisions about marketing costs, marketing mix, marketing allocation in relation to the expected environmental conditions and competitive conditions. In marketing strategies, there are three main factors that cause changes in marketing strategies, namely:
Product life cycle
The strategy must be adapted to the stages of the life cycle, namely the introductory stage, the stage of growth, the stage of maturity and the stage of decline.
The company's competitive position in the market
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the company's position in the competition, whether leading, challenging, following or only taking a small part of the market.
Economic situation
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the economic situation and outlook, whether the economy is in a prosperous situation or high inflation.
Understanding of Marketing Strategy
Marketing strategy is making decisions about marketing costs, marketing mix, marketing allocation in relation to the expected environmental conditions and competitive conditions. In marketing strategies, there are three main factors that cause changes in marketing strategies, namely:
Product life cycle
The strategy must be adapted to the stages of the life cycle, namely the introductory stage, the stage of growth, the stage of maturity and the stage of decline.
The company's competitive position in the market
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the company's position in the competition, whether leading, challenging, following or only taking a small part of the market.
Economic situation
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the economic situation and outlook, whether the economy is in a prosperous situation or high inflation.
Basics in determining Market Segmentation
In determining market segmentation there are several things that form the basis, namely:
Basics of market segmentation in the consumer market
Geographic variables, including: region, size of the region, size of the city, and climate density.
Demographic variables, including: age, family, life cycle, income, education, etc.
Psychological variables, including: social class, lifestyle, and personality.
Variable buyer behavior, including: benefits sought, user status, level of use, loyalty status and attitude to the product.
Basics of segmentation in industrial markets
Stage 1: establish macro segmentation, i.e. end-user market, geographical location, and number of subscriptions.
Stage 2: attitudes toward the seller, personality traits, product quality, and customers.
Market Segmentation Rate
Because purchases have unique needs and desires. Each buyer, has the potential to become a separate market. Therefore market segmentation can be built on several different levels.
Mass marketing
Mass marketing focuses on mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion of the same product in almost the same way across consumers.
Segment marketing
Segment marketing realizes that buyers differ in their needs, perceptions, and buying behavior.
Niche marketing
Niche marketing focuses on subgroups within segments. A niche is a group that is more narrowly defined.
Micro marketing
Product adjustment practices and marketing programs to suit individual tastes or specific locations. Included in micro marketing are local marketing and individual marketing.
Benefits of Market Segmentation
While the benefits of market segmentation are:
The seller or producer is in a better position to choose marketing opportunities.
Sellers or producers can use their knowledge on different marketing responses, so they can allocate their budgets more precisely to various segments.
The seller or manufacturer can better manage the product and its marketing appeal
Determine the Target Market
The steps in determining the target market are:
The first step
Calculate and assess the profit potential of various existing segments
Second step
Record sales results last year and estimate for the coming year.
Marketing strategy is making decisions about marketing costs, marketing mix, marketing allocation in relation to the expected environmental conditions and competitive conditions. In marketing strategies, there are three main factors that cause changes in marketing strategies, namely:
Product life cycle
The strategy must be adapted to the stages of the life cycle, namely the introductory stage, the stage of growth, the stage of maturity and the stage of decline.
The company's competitive position in the market
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the company's position in the competition, whether leading, challenging, following or only taking a small part of the market.
Economic situation
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the economic situation and outlook, whether the economy is in a prosperous situation or high inflation.
Understanding of Marketing Strategy
Marketing strategy is making decisions about marketing costs, marketing mix, marketing allocation in relation to the expected environmental conditions and competitive conditions. In marketing strategies, there are three main factors that cause changes in marketing strategies, namely:
Product life cycle
The strategy must be adapted to the stages of the life cycle, namely the introductory stage, the stage of growth, the stage of maturity and the stage of decline.
The company's competitive position in the market
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the company's position in the competition, whether leading, challenging, following or only taking a small part of the market.
Economic situation
Marketing strategies must be adapted to the economic situation and outlook, whether the economy is in a prosperous situation or high inflation.
Basics in determining Market Segmentation
In determining market segmentation there are several things that form the basis, namely:
Basics of market segmentation in the consumer market
Geographic variables, including: region, size of the region, size of the city, and climate density.
Demographic variables, including: age, family, life cycle, income, education, etc.
Psychological variables, including: social class, lifestyle, and personality.
Variable buyer behavior, including: benefits sought, user status, level of use, loyalty status and attitude to the product.
Basics of segmentation in industrial markets
Stage 1: establish macro segmentation, i.e. end-user market, geographical location, and number of subscriptions.
Stage 2: attitudes toward the seller, personality traits, product quality, and customers.
Market Segmentation Rate
Because purchases have unique needs and desires. Each buyer, has the potential to become a separate market. Therefore market segmentation can be built on several different levels.
Mass marketing
Mass marketing focuses on mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion of the same product in almost the same way across consumers.
Segment marketing
Segment marketing realizes that buyers differ in their needs, perceptions, and buying behavior.
Niche marketing
Niche marketing focuses on subgroups within segments. A niche is a group that is more narrowly defined.
Micro marketing
Product adjustment practices and marketing programs to suit individual tastes or specific locations. Included in micro marketing are local marketing and individual marketing.
Benefits of Market Segmentation
While the benefits of market segmentation are:
The seller or producer is in a better position to choose marketing opportunities.
Sellers or producers can use their knowledge on different marketing responses, so they can allocate their budgets more precisely to various segments.
The seller or manufacturer can better manage the product and its marketing appeal
Determine the Target Market
The steps in determining the target market are:
The first step
Calculate and assess the profit potential of various existing segments
Second step
Record sales results last year and estimate for the coming year.
Function and Understanding of the Marketing System
Function and Understanding of the Marketing System
Exchange function
With marketing buyers can buy products from producers either by exchanging money with products or exchanging products for products (barter) for their own use or for resale.
Physical Distribution Function
Physical distribution of a product is done by transporting and storing products. Products transported from producers approach consumers' needs in many ways through water, land, air, etc. Storage of products prioritizes maintaining product supply so as not to lack when needed.
Intermediary Function
To deliver products from the hands of producers to consumers, it can be done through marketing intermediaries that link exchange activities with physical distribution. Intermediary function activities include risk reduction, financing, information search and product standardization / classification.
Marketing concept
The core concepts of marketing include: needs, wants, demands, production, utilities, values and satisfaction; exchanges, transactions and market relations, marketing and markets. We can distinguish between needs, wants and requests. The need is felt the absence of a state certain basic satisfaction. Desire is a strong desire for satisfaction that is specific to deeper needs. Whereas Demand is the desire for specific products that are supported by the ability and willingness to buy it.
Types of Marketing Concepts
The marketing concept says that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing the expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
In marketing there are six concepts that are the basis of the implementation of an organization's marketing activities, namely: the concept of production, product concepts, sales concepts, marketing concepts, social marketing concepts, and global marketing concepts.
Production concept
The concept of production believes that consumers will like products that are available everywhere and the price is cheap. This concept is oriented towards production by exerting all efforts to achieve high product efficiency and broad distribution. Here the task of management is to produce as many goods as possible, because consumers are considered to be receiving products that are widely available with their purchasing power.
Product concept
The product concept says that consumers will like products that offer the best quality, performance and characteristics. The task of management here is to make quality products, because consumers are considered to like high-quality products in appearance with the best features.
Sales concept
The concept of sales holds that consumers, simply left, organizations must carry out aggressive sales and promotion efforts.
Marketing concept
The marketing concept says that the purpose of achieving organizational goals consists in determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
The concept of social marketing
The concept of social marketing argues that the task of an organization is to determine the needs, desires and interests of the target market and to provide the expected satisfaction in a more effective and efficient manner than competitors, while preserving or improving the welfare of consumers and society.
The Concept of Global Marketing
In this global marketing concept, executive managers try to understand all the environmental factors that influence marketing through sound strategic management. the ultimate goal is to try to fulfill the wishes of all parties involved in the company.
Understanding of the Marketing System
The system is a group of items or parts that are interconnected and interrelated permanently in forming an integrated whole. So it can be interpreted as a marketing system is a collection of institutions that do the task of marketing goods, services, ideas, people, and environmental factors that mutually influence and shape and influence the company's relationship with its market.
In marketing a group of items that are interconnected and interrelated it includes:
Combined organizations that carry out marketing work.
Products, services, ideas or people being marketed.
Target market.
Intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, transport agents, financial institutions).
Environmental constraints (environmental constraints).
The simplest marketing system consists of two interrelated elements, namely marketing organization and its target market. The elements in a marketing system are similar to the elements that exist in a stereo radio system. Work separately, but when met appropriately.
Types of Marketing Systems
Marketing system with vertical channels
In this system producers, wholesalers, and retailers act in a cohesive manner.
Purpose :
Control channel behavior
Prevent disputes between channel members
Marketing system with horizontal channels
In this system, there is a collaboration between two or more companies that join to take advantage of marketing opportunities that arise.
Multiple channel marketing system
In this system, several styles of distribution with the arrangement of distribution and management functions are combined, then from the back is centrally led.
Exchange function
With marketing buyers can buy products from producers either by exchanging money with products or exchanging products for products (barter) for their own use or for resale.
Physical Distribution Function
Physical distribution of a product is done by transporting and storing products. Products transported from producers approach consumers' needs in many ways through water, land, air, etc. Storage of products prioritizes maintaining product supply so as not to lack when needed.
Intermediary Function
To deliver products from the hands of producers to consumers, it can be done through marketing intermediaries that link exchange activities with physical distribution. Intermediary function activities include risk reduction, financing, information search and product standardization / classification.
Marketing concept
The core concepts of marketing include: needs, wants, demands, production, utilities, values and satisfaction; exchanges, transactions and market relations, marketing and markets. We can distinguish between needs, wants and requests. The need is felt the absence of a state certain basic satisfaction. Desire is a strong desire for satisfaction that is specific to deeper needs. Whereas Demand is the desire for specific products that are supported by the ability and willingness to buy it.
Types of Marketing Concepts
The marketing concept says that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing the expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
In marketing there are six concepts that are the basis of the implementation of an organization's marketing activities, namely: the concept of production, product concepts, sales concepts, marketing concepts, social marketing concepts, and global marketing concepts.
Production concept
The concept of production believes that consumers will like products that are available everywhere and the price is cheap. This concept is oriented towards production by exerting all efforts to achieve high product efficiency and broad distribution. Here the task of management is to produce as many goods as possible, because consumers are considered to be receiving products that are widely available with their purchasing power.
Product concept
The product concept says that consumers will like products that offer the best quality, performance and characteristics. The task of management here is to make quality products, because consumers are considered to like high-quality products in appearance with the best features.
Sales concept
The concept of sales holds that consumers, simply left, organizations must carry out aggressive sales and promotion efforts.
Marketing concept
The marketing concept says that the purpose of achieving organizational goals consists in determining the needs and desires of the target market and providing expected satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors.
The concept of social marketing
The concept of social marketing argues that the task of an organization is to determine the needs, desires and interests of the target market and to provide the expected satisfaction in a more effective and efficient manner than competitors, while preserving or improving the welfare of consumers and society.
The Concept of Global Marketing
In this global marketing concept, executive managers try to understand all the environmental factors that influence marketing through sound strategic management. the ultimate goal is to try to fulfill the wishes of all parties involved in the company.
Understanding of the Marketing System
The system is a group of items or parts that are interconnected and interrelated permanently in forming an integrated whole. So it can be interpreted as a marketing system is a collection of institutions that do the task of marketing goods, services, ideas, people, and environmental factors that mutually influence and shape and influence the company's relationship with its market.
In marketing a group of items that are interconnected and interrelated it includes:
Combined organizations that carry out marketing work.
Products, services, ideas or people being marketed.
Target market.
Intermediaries (retailers, wholesalers, transport agents, financial institutions).
Environmental constraints (environmental constraints).
The simplest marketing system consists of two interrelated elements, namely marketing organization and its target market. The elements in a marketing system are similar to the elements that exist in a stereo radio system. Work separately, but when met appropriately.
Types of Marketing Systems
Marketing system with vertical channels
In this system producers, wholesalers, and retailers act in a cohesive manner.
Purpose :
Control channel behavior
Prevent disputes between channel members
Marketing system with horizontal channels
In this system, there is a collaboration between two or more companies that join to take advantage of marketing opportunities that arise.
Multiple channel marketing system
In this system, several styles of distribution with the arrangement of distribution and management functions are combined, then from the back is centrally led.
Understanding of Marketing Strategies and Concepts
Understanding of Marketing Strategies and Concepts
Marketing Strategy - Definition, Function, Concepts, Types, Segmentation, Benefits, Kinds, Experts: Strategy is the science and art of using the best possible joint capabilities of resources and the environment.
Marketing strategy
Understanding Strategy
Strategy is the science and art of using the best possible shared resources and environment effectively. There are four important elements in the understanding of strategy, namely: ability, resources, environment, and goals. These four elements, in such a way are put together rationally and beautifully so that several alternative choices emerge which are then evaluated and taken the best. The formulation of the strategy does not always provide information on what will be done, why it is done that way, who is responsible and operational, how much will it cost and how long will it be implemented, what results will be obtained.
Finally, not forgetting the existence of a strategy must be consistent with the environment, have alternative strategies, focus on excellence and overall, consider the presence of risk, and equipped with social responsibility. In short, the strategies set must not neglect goals, capabilities, resources, and the environment. The existence of a strategy has a relatively long period of time. That, implies the prediction of environmental change is important to get attention.
In the field of management, the definition of strategy is quite diverse and varies from several experts and authors. Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes (in the book "Exploring Corporate Strategy") for example define strategy as the long-term direction and scope of the organization to gain excellence through the configuration of natural resources and the changing environment to meet market needs and meet the expectations of interested parties.
Henry Mintzberg defines strategy as 5P, namely:
strategy as PERSPECTIVE,
strategy as POSITION,
strategy as PLANNING,
strategy as a PATTERN of activities,
strategy as "FRAUD" (Ploy)
namely secret deception. As a Perspective, where the strategy in shaping the mission, the mission describes the perspective of all activities. As Position, where the choice to compete is sought. As a plan, in terms of strategy determine the company's performance goals. As a pattern of activities, where in the strategy formed a pattern, namely feedback and adjustments.
From various definitions and definitions of strategy, in general it can be defined that the strategy is a plan of a series of maneuvers, which includes all visible and invisible elements, to ensure the success of achieving goals.
Understanding of Marketing According to Experts
There are several definitions of marketing from several experts including:
Philip Kotler (Marketing)
marketing is a human activity that is directed to meet the needs and desires through the exchange process.
According to Philip Kotler and Armstrong marketing
is as a social and managerial process that makes individuals and groups get what they need and want through the creation and mutual exchange of products and values with others.
Marketing in General
is a total system of business activities designed to plan, determine prices, promote and distribute goods that can satisfy the desires and reach the target market and company goals.
According to W Stanton
marketing is an overall system of business activities aimed at planning, pricing, promoting and distributing goods and services that can satisfy the needs of both buyers and potential buyers.
If we draw conclusions about the definition of marketing is a combination of activities that are interconnected to determine consumer needs and develop promotions, distribution, services and prices so that consumer needs can be satisfied with a certain level of profit.
With the marketing of consumers, there is no need to fulfill personal needs individually by exchanging between consumers and marketers so that there will be plenty of consumer time for activities that are controlled or preferred.
Marketing Strategy - Definition, Function, Concepts, Types, Segmentation, Benefits, Kinds, Experts: Strategy is the science and art of using the best possible joint capabilities of resources and the environment.
Marketing strategy
Understanding Strategy
Strategy is the science and art of using the best possible shared resources and environment effectively. There are four important elements in the understanding of strategy, namely: ability, resources, environment, and goals. These four elements, in such a way are put together rationally and beautifully so that several alternative choices emerge which are then evaluated and taken the best. The formulation of the strategy does not always provide information on what will be done, why it is done that way, who is responsible and operational, how much will it cost and how long will it be implemented, what results will be obtained.
Finally, not forgetting the existence of a strategy must be consistent with the environment, have alternative strategies, focus on excellence and overall, consider the presence of risk, and equipped with social responsibility. In short, the strategies set must not neglect goals, capabilities, resources, and the environment. The existence of a strategy has a relatively long period of time. That, implies the prediction of environmental change is important to get attention.
In the field of management, the definition of strategy is quite diverse and varies from several experts and authors. Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes (in the book "Exploring Corporate Strategy") for example define strategy as the long-term direction and scope of the organization to gain excellence through the configuration of natural resources and the changing environment to meet market needs and meet the expectations of interested parties.
Henry Mintzberg defines strategy as 5P, namely:
strategy as PERSPECTIVE,
strategy as POSITION,
strategy as PLANNING,
strategy as a PATTERN of activities,
strategy as "FRAUD" (Ploy)
namely secret deception. As a Perspective, where the strategy in shaping the mission, the mission describes the perspective of all activities. As Position, where the choice to compete is sought. As a plan, in terms of strategy determine the company's performance goals. As a pattern of activities, where in the strategy formed a pattern, namely feedback and adjustments.
From various definitions and definitions of strategy, in general it can be defined that the strategy is a plan of a series of maneuvers, which includes all visible and invisible elements, to ensure the success of achieving goals.
Understanding of Marketing According to Experts
There are several definitions of marketing from several experts including:
Philip Kotler (Marketing)
marketing is a human activity that is directed to meet the needs and desires through the exchange process.
According to Philip Kotler and Armstrong marketing
is as a social and managerial process that makes individuals and groups get what they need and want through the creation and mutual exchange of products and values with others.
Marketing in General
is a total system of business activities designed to plan, determine prices, promote and distribute goods that can satisfy the desires and reach the target market and company goals.
According to W Stanton
marketing is an overall system of business activities aimed at planning, pricing, promoting and distributing goods and services that can satisfy the needs of both buyers and potential buyers.
If we draw conclusions about the definition of marketing is a combination of activities that are interconnected to determine consumer needs and develop promotions, distribution, services and prices so that consumer needs can be satisfied with a certain level of profit.
With the marketing of consumers, there is no need to fulfill personal needs individually by exchanging between consumers and marketers so that there will be plenty of consumer time for activities that are controlled or preferred.
Sales Accounting Information System Planning Function
Sales Accounting Information System Planning Function
The Following Is The Function of Sales Accounting Information System Planning.
Cash Function
This function is responsible for receiving cash from buyers.
Warehouse Function
The function of the warehouse is to provide goods needed by customers in accordance with those listed in the copy of the sales invoice received from the sales function.
Accounting Function
This function is responsible for recording sales transactions and cash receipts and making sales reports.
Delivery function
The function of delivery is to deliver goods in quantity, quality, and specifications in accordance with those contained in the copy of the sales invoice received from the sales function.
Understanding of the Accounting System
Accounting Information System Components
Accounting information systems consist of elements or components that interact with one another and form a unity in an information system building structure to achieve its goals. The information system building consists of 6 blocks called information system building blocks (Cushing, translated Ruhiyat Kosasih.1983) as follows:
Input Block
Input is data that is entered into the information system. Input problems include methods and media (generally source documents, source documents) to capture data to be entered into the system.
Block Model Process (Process Block)
This block model consists of a combination of procedures, logic and mathematical models that will manipulate data. The data is stored in the data bank in a certain way to produce the desired output.
Output Block
The results of the information system are outputs or outputs that are quality information or reports that are useful for the management level and all users of the information.
Technology Block
Technology is a "tool-box" in an information system. Technology is useful for receiving input, running models, storing and accessing data, generating and sending outputs and helping control the overall system.
Database Block
Collection of data related or related in an integrated manner with each other, stored in the computer hardware and used software to manipulate it is a database. The data in the database need to be stored for the purpose of providing further information.
Data in the database needs to be organized, in order to produce quality information. Database organization that is also useful for efficient storage capacity. The database is accessed or manipulated / processed using a package software called DBMS (Database Management Systems)
Control Block
Controls need to be applied in the system so that the information system can run as it should. Many things can damage the information system, such as the wrong process occurs, wrong formula, input data is entered incorrectly or misused, the system has not been tested, the system is not as needed, frauds occur, failures of the system itself, errors errors, inefficiencies, sabotage, natural disasters, fire / fire, water, temperature, and so on.
So that risks that can damage the system can be prevented or if it can already be overcome immediately, it is necessary to design and implement some internal controls to ensure that everything is working as it should.
Main Accounting System
From the definition of the accounting system, the main accounting system is composed as follows:
Form is a document used to record the transaction. Forms are often referred to as documents, because with this form events that occur in organizations are recorded (documented) on a piece of paper.
The journal is the first accounting record used to record, classify, and summarize financial data and other data.
Ledgers are accounts that are used to summarize financial data that has been previously recorded in a journal.
Ledgers are auxiliary accounts detailing financial data contained in certain accounts in the general ledger.
The report is the final result of the accounting process is a financial statement that can be in the form of a balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in retained earnings, statement of cost of production, marketing cost report, cost of goods sold, general list of accounts receivable, list of debts to be paid, list of balances inventory that is slow in sales.
General Purpose Accounting System Development
The general objectives of developing an accounting system are as follows:
to provide information for the management of new business activities
to improve the information generated by the existing system, both regarding the quality, accuracy of presentation, and the structure of the information
to improve accounting controls and internal checks, namely to improve the level of reliability of accounting information and to provide a complete record of the liability and protection of company assets.
to reduce the clerical costs of administering accounting records.
Relationship of accounting systems with management information systems
The company's management runs the company's business using an information system called a management information system. To market the products and services produced by the company, management uses a marketing information system.
The Following Is The Function of Sales Accounting Information System Planning.
Cash Function
This function is responsible for receiving cash from buyers.
Warehouse Function
The function of the warehouse is to provide goods needed by customers in accordance with those listed in the copy of the sales invoice received from the sales function.
Accounting Function
This function is responsible for recording sales transactions and cash receipts and making sales reports.
Delivery function
The function of delivery is to deliver goods in quantity, quality, and specifications in accordance with those contained in the copy of the sales invoice received from the sales function.
Understanding of the Accounting System
Accounting Information System Components
Accounting information systems consist of elements or components that interact with one another and form a unity in an information system building structure to achieve its goals. The information system building consists of 6 blocks called information system building blocks (Cushing, translated Ruhiyat Kosasih.1983) as follows:
Input Block
Input is data that is entered into the information system. Input problems include methods and media (generally source documents, source documents) to capture data to be entered into the system.
Block Model Process (Process Block)
This block model consists of a combination of procedures, logic and mathematical models that will manipulate data. The data is stored in the data bank in a certain way to produce the desired output.
Output Block
The results of the information system are outputs or outputs that are quality information or reports that are useful for the management level and all users of the information.
Technology Block
Technology is a "tool-box" in an information system. Technology is useful for receiving input, running models, storing and accessing data, generating and sending outputs and helping control the overall system.
Database Block
Collection of data related or related in an integrated manner with each other, stored in the computer hardware and used software to manipulate it is a database. The data in the database need to be stored for the purpose of providing further information.
Data in the database needs to be organized, in order to produce quality information. Database organization that is also useful for efficient storage capacity. The database is accessed or manipulated / processed using a package software called DBMS (Database Management Systems)
Control Block
Controls need to be applied in the system so that the information system can run as it should. Many things can damage the information system, such as the wrong process occurs, wrong formula, input data is entered incorrectly or misused, the system has not been tested, the system is not as needed, frauds occur, failures of the system itself, errors errors, inefficiencies, sabotage, natural disasters, fire / fire, water, temperature, and so on.
So that risks that can damage the system can be prevented or if it can already be overcome immediately, it is necessary to design and implement some internal controls to ensure that everything is working as it should.
Main Accounting System
From the definition of the accounting system, the main accounting system is composed as follows:
Form is a document used to record the transaction. Forms are often referred to as documents, because with this form events that occur in organizations are recorded (documented) on a piece of paper.
The journal is the first accounting record used to record, classify, and summarize financial data and other data.
Ledgers are accounts that are used to summarize financial data that has been previously recorded in a journal.
Ledgers are auxiliary accounts detailing financial data contained in certain accounts in the general ledger.
The report is the final result of the accounting process is a financial statement that can be in the form of a balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in retained earnings, statement of cost of production, marketing cost report, cost of goods sold, general list of accounts receivable, list of debts to be paid, list of balances inventory that is slow in sales.
General Purpose Accounting System Development
The general objectives of developing an accounting system are as follows:
to provide information for the management of new business activities
to improve the information generated by the existing system, both regarding the quality, accuracy of presentation, and the structure of the information
to improve accounting controls and internal checks, namely to improve the level of reliability of accounting information and to provide a complete record of the liability and protection of company assets.
to reduce the clerical costs of administering accounting records.
Relationship of accounting systems with management information systems
The company's management runs the company's business using an information system called a management information system. To market the products and services produced by the company, management uses a marketing information system.
Understanding of the Accounting System and Its Functions
Understanding of the Accounting System and Its Functions
Understanding Accounting Systems - Functions, Components, Objectives, Relationships, Examples, Experts: An accounting system is composed of forms, records, procedures and tools used to process data about an attempt about an economic error in order to produce feedback in the form of reports.
Accounting System Functions
Understanding of the Accounting System
An accounting system is composed of forms, records, procedures and tools used to process data about an economic error effort in order to produce feedback in the form of reports needed by management to oversee its efforts and for other interested parties such as shareholders, creditors, and government institutions to assess the results of operations.
The existence of an adequate accounting system, makes the company's accountants can provide financial information for each level of management, owners or shareholders, creditors and other users of financial statements that are used as the basis for economic decision making. The system can be used by management to plan and control company operations.
One system that can be used by company management is the salary accounting system. To overcome the mistakes and irregularities in the calculation and payment of salaries, it is necessary to make a payroll and wage accounting system. Salary accounting systems are also designed by companies to provide a clear picture of employee salaries so that they are easy to understand and easy to use.
Understanding Payroll Accounting Systems According to Experts
Some definitions or definitions of the payroll accounting system put forward by experts such as:
According to Neunar (1997: 210)
The salary accounting system for most companies is a system of procedures and records that gives the possibility to quickly and precisely determine how much gross income each employee has, how much to deduct and income for various taxes and other deductions and how much balance to give to employees.
According to Zaki Baridwan (1999: 102)
A framework of the most relevant procedures in accordance with the overall scheme to carry out the main activities and functions of the company.
According to Mulyadi (2003: 17)
Salary accounting system is designed to handle employee salary calculation transactions and payments, the design of payroll and wage accounting systems must be able to guarantee validity, authorization of completeness, classification of valuations, timeliness and accuracy of posts as well as an overview of each payroll and wage transactions.
Payroll Accounting System Functions
In the company salary accounting system there are several functions involved in recording and providing employee salaries. These functions work together and are interconnected with one another for certain purposes. According to Mulyadi (2003: 382) the function of the payroll accounting system is as follows:
Staffing Function
Employment function, this function is responsible for finding new employees, selecting prospective employees, deciding on the placement of new employees, making decisions on employee salary rates, promotions and salary classes, employee mutations and termination of employees.
Timekeeping Function
Timing function This function is responsible for maintaining attendance records for all company employees. The employee's time attendance function may not be carried out by the operating function or by the payroll register function.
Salary List Builder Function
The function of the list maker is responsible for making a payroll that contains the gross income that is due and various deductions that are borne by each employee during the period of salary payment. The payroll is submitted by the payroll maker to the accounting function to produce proof of cash out which is used as the basis for salary payment.
Accounting Function
The accounting function is responsible for recording obligations incurred in relation to payment of employee salaries (eg employee salary debt, pension fund debt). The accounting function that handles the payroll and wage accounting systems is in the hands of the debt department, the expense card section and the journal section.
Financial Function
The financial function is responsible for filling out checks to pay salaries and cashing the checks to the bank. The cash is then put into an employee salary envelope and then distributed to eligible employees. These functions work together and are related to one another to form a good payroll and wage accounting system.
Understanding Accounting Systems - Functions, Components, Objectives, Relationships, Examples, Experts: An accounting system is composed of forms, records, procedures and tools used to process data about an attempt about an economic error in order to produce feedback in the form of reports.
Accounting System Functions
Understanding of the Accounting System
An accounting system is composed of forms, records, procedures and tools used to process data about an economic error effort in order to produce feedback in the form of reports needed by management to oversee its efforts and for other interested parties such as shareholders, creditors, and government institutions to assess the results of operations.
The existence of an adequate accounting system, makes the company's accountants can provide financial information for each level of management, owners or shareholders, creditors and other users of financial statements that are used as the basis for economic decision making. The system can be used by management to plan and control company operations.
One system that can be used by company management is the salary accounting system. To overcome the mistakes and irregularities in the calculation and payment of salaries, it is necessary to make a payroll and wage accounting system. Salary accounting systems are also designed by companies to provide a clear picture of employee salaries so that they are easy to understand and easy to use.
Understanding Payroll Accounting Systems According to Experts
Some definitions or definitions of the payroll accounting system put forward by experts such as:
According to Neunar (1997: 210)
The salary accounting system for most companies is a system of procedures and records that gives the possibility to quickly and precisely determine how much gross income each employee has, how much to deduct and income for various taxes and other deductions and how much balance to give to employees.
According to Zaki Baridwan (1999: 102)
A framework of the most relevant procedures in accordance with the overall scheme to carry out the main activities and functions of the company.
According to Mulyadi (2003: 17)
Salary accounting system is designed to handle employee salary calculation transactions and payments, the design of payroll and wage accounting systems must be able to guarantee validity, authorization of completeness, classification of valuations, timeliness and accuracy of posts as well as an overview of each payroll and wage transactions.
Payroll Accounting System Functions
In the company salary accounting system there are several functions involved in recording and providing employee salaries. These functions work together and are interconnected with one another for certain purposes. According to Mulyadi (2003: 382) the function of the payroll accounting system is as follows:
Staffing Function
Employment function, this function is responsible for finding new employees, selecting prospective employees, deciding on the placement of new employees, making decisions on employee salary rates, promotions and salary classes, employee mutations and termination of employees.
Timekeeping Function
Timing function This function is responsible for maintaining attendance records for all company employees. The employee's time attendance function may not be carried out by the operating function or by the payroll register function.
Salary List Builder Function
The function of the list maker is responsible for making a payroll that contains the gross income that is due and various deductions that are borne by each employee during the period of salary payment. The payroll is submitted by the payroll maker to the accounting function to produce proof of cash out which is used as the basis for salary payment.
Accounting Function
The accounting function is responsible for recording obligations incurred in relation to payment of employee salaries (eg employee salary debt, pension fund debt). The accounting function that handles the payroll and wage accounting systems is in the hands of the debt department, the expense card section and the journal section.
Financial Function
The financial function is responsible for filling out checks to pay salaries and cashing the checks to the bank. The cash is then put into an employee salary envelope and then distributed to eligible employees. These functions work together and are related to one another to form a good payroll and wage accounting system.
Understanding the Economic Motives of the Classification Principle
Understanding the Economic Motives of the Classification Principle
Economic Motives - Definition, Action, Origin, Principle, Classification, Kinds, Example: Every activity carried out by humans must be motivated by the desire to obtain the things we want. in this case it can also be called an economic motive.
Understanding Economic Motives
Economic motives are every reason, encouragement, and activity carried out by a person or entity to carry out an economic action. The word Motive comes from the word motive (English), that is reason or mobilizer. Every reason will encourage people to do an activity, act or action. Every activity, action or action of a person is driven by a desire / motive to achieve certain goals.
Economic Action
Economic Actions are all human endeavors to meet unlimited needs with good consideration based on priorities to achieve prosperity.
Needs are human desires that demand to be fulfilled such as eating, drinking, clothing, housing, education, and so on.
Humans who try or work to earn income, meaning he has done economic action, because humans can use it to meet their daily needs.
Humans try to fulfill their needs starting from the most basic needs (food, clothing and shelter needs) to higher needs (security needs, respect, self-esteem, and self-actualization).
Origin of Economic Motives
Intrinsic motives
Intrinsic motive is the desire to obtain the desired goods or services with one's own awareness. An example of an intrinsic motive is someone who wants to be smart so he must study on his own seriously.
Motif ekstrinsik
Motif ekstrinsik adalah keinginan seseorang untuk memperoleh ba-rang atau jasa yang diinginkan, tidak dengan kemampuan sendiri me-lainkan dengan dorongan dari orang lain. Contohnya ialah seseorang yang ingin memiliki rumah pribadi seperti teman-temannya, maka ia harus bekerja keras untuk memperoleh pendapatan.
Economic Principles
Economic principles are efforts or considerations that are accompanied by the least sacrifice to achieve certain results or with certain sacrifices to achieve the maximum results.
The benefits of economic principles are to obtain maximum results at a certain level (maximum profit) and minimize losses suffered at a certain level (minimum sacrifice).
Classification of Economic Principles
The principle of consumer economics
The principle of producer economics
The principle of distributor economy
Various economic motives
As for the various types of economic motives, including the following:
1. Motives in meeting needs
The motive for meeting needs is a human action that is driven by a desire to fulfill a need. To maintain continuity in life, everyone has a need, both in the form of goods and services that must be met. Usually in a need is unlimited in nature, while the satisfiers are limited.
Therefore, everyone must have a careful and mature calculation in order to get the results that are in line with their expectations. Human tendency that is always to achieve a prosperity for his life. This prosperity can be interpreted as a condition where humans can to fulfill most of their lives.
For example: someone will work hard to get money that money can later be used to meet their daily needs.
2. Motives for making a profit
The motive for making profit is everything that drives people to take an economic action to make a profit. Someone to meet a necessity of life that is motivated by a motive or hope to get a profit / profit.
This motive is an impetus that arises with the aim of getting additional benefits, both in the form of money and goods. By getting a profit it is expected that a person's wealth can increase and he can maintain his survival better.
For example: a clothing merchant sells clothes with very good quality and relatively cheap prices and by serving them very friendly. Many people buy so he gets a lot of profit.
3. Motives for gaining economic power
The motive to get economic power is a desire of people who are already prosperous, but still to carry out an economic action due to the urge to get a power in various business activities in an economy.
For example: In a village that is happening in the election of a new lurah. Pak Ari, one of the lurah candidates, capitalizes on repairing damaged roads in his village, and organizes free medical treatment to the people in his village with the hope that in the village head election, he will get a voice of support from the surrounding community.
4. Motive to get an award
The motive for getting an award is a human action that is encouraged to get an award. Appreciation from others will provide a sense of satisfaction for an actor in economic activity. The award in question is not just to get a compliment or a charter but also wants to be in a higher social status than the surrounding community.
For example: there is a manager or entrepreneur still doing an economic activity with hard work even though he has achieved profits and prosperity. This was done so that he appeared as a reliable and respected manager. This achievement is not uncommon to produce an award from the government and from the business community. For example the manager is classified into the Top Manager version of an economic magazine and the company he manages receives an award from the government.
5. Social motives
Social motives are things that encourage people to take an economic action because they want to help others. Humans are economic creatures who are both social creatures. In addition to paying attention to a self-interest, humans must also care for each other. Social motives namely the encouragement that with an economic action that is done can provide a benefit or advantage for others.
Business Characteristics
In the world of economy, business has the following characteristics:
Social and economic institutions or institutions or organizations
Associated with a variety of goods and services that meet human needs.
Looking for profit, profit or profit.
Determine the appropriate price
There will be a possibility of loss
There are three important things in business, namely: producing goods and services, looking for profit, and maximizing consumer needs.
Types of Activities of a Business
Business activities as an organization, can consist of:
Production: creation of goods and services.
Finance: activities to find the funds needed to carry out trade activities.
Marketing: Activities to inform goods and services, identify consumer desires.
Human resource management: activities to find workers and improve their abilities.
The Purpose Of A Business
The business goal, according to Sternberg, is to multiply the values of company owners through the sale of goods or services. The intended value here is of course economic value or profit, simply the purpose of a business activity is to multiply the profits for the owner of the company or business by selling goods and services. The assertion that multiplying profits is the only objective of business is identical by saying that it is essential that business cannot be separated from capitalism.
Economic Motives - Definition, Action, Origin, Principle, Classification, Kinds, Example: Every activity carried out by humans must be motivated by the desire to obtain the things we want. in this case it can also be called an economic motive.
Understanding Economic Motives
Economic motives are every reason, encouragement, and activity carried out by a person or entity to carry out an economic action. The word Motive comes from the word motive (English), that is reason or mobilizer. Every reason will encourage people to do an activity, act or action. Every activity, action or action of a person is driven by a desire / motive to achieve certain goals.
Economic Action
Economic Actions are all human endeavors to meet unlimited needs with good consideration based on priorities to achieve prosperity.
Needs are human desires that demand to be fulfilled such as eating, drinking, clothing, housing, education, and so on.
Humans who try or work to earn income, meaning he has done economic action, because humans can use it to meet their daily needs.
Humans try to fulfill their needs starting from the most basic needs (food, clothing and shelter needs) to higher needs (security needs, respect, self-esteem, and self-actualization).
Origin of Economic Motives
Intrinsic motives
Intrinsic motive is the desire to obtain the desired goods or services with one's own awareness. An example of an intrinsic motive is someone who wants to be smart so he must study on his own seriously.
Motif ekstrinsik
Motif ekstrinsik adalah keinginan seseorang untuk memperoleh ba-rang atau jasa yang diinginkan, tidak dengan kemampuan sendiri me-lainkan dengan dorongan dari orang lain. Contohnya ialah seseorang yang ingin memiliki rumah pribadi seperti teman-temannya, maka ia harus bekerja keras untuk memperoleh pendapatan.
Economic Principles
Economic principles are efforts or considerations that are accompanied by the least sacrifice to achieve certain results or with certain sacrifices to achieve the maximum results.
The benefits of economic principles are to obtain maximum results at a certain level (maximum profit) and minimize losses suffered at a certain level (minimum sacrifice).
Classification of Economic Principles
The principle of consumer economics
The principle of producer economics
The principle of distributor economy
Various economic motives
As for the various types of economic motives, including the following:
1. Motives in meeting needs
The motive for meeting needs is a human action that is driven by a desire to fulfill a need. To maintain continuity in life, everyone has a need, both in the form of goods and services that must be met. Usually in a need is unlimited in nature, while the satisfiers are limited.
Therefore, everyone must have a careful and mature calculation in order to get the results that are in line with their expectations. Human tendency that is always to achieve a prosperity for his life. This prosperity can be interpreted as a condition where humans can to fulfill most of their lives.
For example: someone will work hard to get money that money can later be used to meet their daily needs.
2. Motives for making a profit
The motive for making profit is everything that drives people to take an economic action to make a profit. Someone to meet a necessity of life that is motivated by a motive or hope to get a profit / profit.
This motive is an impetus that arises with the aim of getting additional benefits, both in the form of money and goods. By getting a profit it is expected that a person's wealth can increase and he can maintain his survival better.
For example: a clothing merchant sells clothes with very good quality and relatively cheap prices and by serving them very friendly. Many people buy so he gets a lot of profit.
3. Motives for gaining economic power
The motive to get economic power is a desire of people who are already prosperous, but still to carry out an economic action due to the urge to get a power in various business activities in an economy.
For example: In a village that is happening in the election of a new lurah. Pak Ari, one of the lurah candidates, capitalizes on repairing damaged roads in his village, and organizes free medical treatment to the people in his village with the hope that in the village head election, he will get a voice of support from the surrounding community.
4. Motive to get an award
The motive for getting an award is a human action that is encouraged to get an award. Appreciation from others will provide a sense of satisfaction for an actor in economic activity. The award in question is not just to get a compliment or a charter but also wants to be in a higher social status than the surrounding community.
For example: there is a manager or entrepreneur still doing an economic activity with hard work even though he has achieved profits and prosperity. This was done so that he appeared as a reliable and respected manager. This achievement is not uncommon to produce an award from the government and from the business community. For example the manager is classified into the Top Manager version of an economic magazine and the company he manages receives an award from the government.
5. Social motives
Social motives are things that encourage people to take an economic action because they want to help others. Humans are economic creatures who are both social creatures. In addition to paying attention to a self-interest, humans must also care for each other. Social motives namely the encouragement that with an economic action that is done can provide a benefit or advantage for others.
Business Characteristics
In the world of economy, business has the following characteristics:
Social and economic institutions or institutions or organizations
Associated with a variety of goods and services that meet human needs.
Looking for profit, profit or profit.
Determine the appropriate price
There will be a possibility of loss
There are three important things in business, namely: producing goods and services, looking for profit, and maximizing consumer needs.
Types of Activities of a Business
Business activities as an organization, can consist of:
Production: creation of goods and services.
Finance: activities to find the funds needed to carry out trade activities.
Marketing: Activities to inform goods and services, identify consumer desires.
Human resource management: activities to find workers and improve their abilities.
The Purpose Of A Business
The business goal, according to Sternberg, is to multiply the values of company owners through the sale of goods or services. The intended value here is of course economic value or profit, simply the purpose of a business activity is to multiply the profits for the owner of the company or business by selling goods and services. The assertion that multiplying profits is the only objective of business is identical by saying that it is essential that business cannot be separated from capitalism.
Understanding Business in Form, Grouping, Characteristics
Understanding Business in Form, Grouping, Characteristics
Definition of Business - Form, Grouping, Characteristics, Types, Purpose, Experts: Etymologically, business means a situation where a person or group of people is busy doing work that produces profits. The word "business" itself has three uses, depending on its scope - the singular use of the word business can refer to business entities, namely juridical (legal), technical, economic and profit-seeking units.
Understanding of Business
In economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers, to get a profit or profit. Historically the business word business is English, busy from the word that means "busy" in society, community or individual contexts. In a sense, activities and busy work that brings benefits.
In a capitalist economy, where most businesses are owned by private parties, businesses are made to make profits and improve the welfare of their owners. The owner and operator of a business get rewarded according to the time, effort, or capital they provide. But not all businesses pursue profits like this, for example, collaborative efforts aimed at improving the welfare of all members or government institutions aimed at improving people's welfare.
Wider usage can refer to certain market sectors, for example, "television business." The most widespread use refers to all activities carried out by the community providers of goods and services. But the exact definition of "business" is still a matter of debate to this day.
Understanding of Business According to Experts
There are some experts who express their opinions about business, the following will be explained clearly.
Prof. Owen
Business is a company that deals with the production and distribution of goods to be sold back to the market or to give prices for each item or service.
Urwick and Hunt
Business is every company that produces and distributes and provides goods or services needed by the community and on the basis of its willingness to buy or pay.
Mc. Naughton
Business is an exchange of goods, services or money with the aim of making a profit.
Prof.L.R.Dicksee
Business is a form of activity that aims to benefit those who are interested in or undertake that activity.
William Spregal
Said that business is an activity related to the production and distribution of goods or services that can be classified in business activities.
Hooper
Stating that business is a complex whole in the fields of industry and sales, basic industries, processes, manufacturing and networking industries, insurance, banking, distribution, transportation and others which then enter comprehensively in the business world. The goal is to benefit those who work on it.
Merriam Webster
Business is all activities of making and buying and selling services and then exchanged for money, activities or work is a job and the number of activities is completed by a company, factory or shop.
Brown and Petrello
Business is an institution that produces goods and services needed by society. If the needs of the community increase, then the amount of production is increased to meet all the needs of the community while making a profit.
Steinford
Business means activities in the supply of goods and services needed by consumers.
Musselman and Jackson
They argue that business is the total number of activities organized in the field of commerce and industry in the supply of goods and services to meet the needs of the community and can improve the quality of people's lives.
Basic Forms of Business Ownership
Private company
An individual company is a business whose ownership is held by one person. Individual business owners have unlimited liability on company assets.
Partnership
Partnership is a form of business where two or more people work together to operate a company for profit. Just like an individual company, each partner (partnership) has obligations that are not limited to company assets. Guilds can be grouped into partnerships and limited companies.
Company
A company is a business whose ownership is held by several people and overseen by a board of directors. Each owner has limited company assets.
Cooperative
Cooperative is a business consisting of people or legal entities based on cooperative activities under the principle of cooperatives as well as the people's economic movement based on the principle of kinship. The purpose of cooperatives is for the welfare of their members. The main characteristic that distinguishes cooperatives from other business entities is that cooperative members have multiple identities. Multiple identities mean that members of the cooperative are the owners and users of cooperative services.
Management
The study of business operations efficiently and effectively is called management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, operations management, production management, strategic management, business intelligence and information technology management.
Grouping of Business Activities
Businesses are of various types, and, as a result, businesses can be grouped in different ways.
Manufacture
is a business that manufactures products that are derived from compound or raw banhan, then sold for profit. For Example: Manufacturing is a company that produces physical goods such as cars.
Business services
is a business that produces intangible goods, and profit by charging for the services they provide.
Retailers and distributors
is a party that acts as an intermediary between producers and consumers.
Mining and agriculture business
is a business that produces raw goods, such as plants or minerals.
Financial business
is a business that benefits from investment and capital management.
Business Information
is a business that benefits primarily from the resale of intellectual property.
The utility
is a business that runs public services, such as electricity and water, and is usually funded by the government.
Definition of Business - Form, Grouping, Characteristics, Types, Purpose, Experts: Etymologically, business means a situation where a person or group of people is busy doing work that produces profits. The word "business" itself has three uses, depending on its scope - the singular use of the word business can refer to business entities, namely juridical (legal), technical, economic and profit-seeking units.
Understanding of Business
In economics, business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers, to get a profit or profit. Historically the business word business is English, busy from the word that means "busy" in society, community or individual contexts. In a sense, activities and busy work that brings benefits.
In a capitalist economy, where most businesses are owned by private parties, businesses are made to make profits and improve the welfare of their owners. The owner and operator of a business get rewarded according to the time, effort, or capital they provide. But not all businesses pursue profits like this, for example, collaborative efforts aimed at improving the welfare of all members or government institutions aimed at improving people's welfare.
Wider usage can refer to certain market sectors, for example, "television business." The most widespread use refers to all activities carried out by the community providers of goods and services. But the exact definition of "business" is still a matter of debate to this day.
Understanding of Business According to Experts
There are some experts who express their opinions about business, the following will be explained clearly.
Prof. Owen
Business is a company that deals with the production and distribution of goods to be sold back to the market or to give prices for each item or service.
Urwick and Hunt
Business is every company that produces and distributes and provides goods or services needed by the community and on the basis of its willingness to buy or pay.
Mc. Naughton
Business is an exchange of goods, services or money with the aim of making a profit.
Prof.L.R.Dicksee
Business is a form of activity that aims to benefit those who are interested in or undertake that activity.
William Spregal
Said that business is an activity related to the production and distribution of goods or services that can be classified in business activities.
Hooper
Stating that business is a complex whole in the fields of industry and sales, basic industries, processes, manufacturing and networking industries, insurance, banking, distribution, transportation and others which then enter comprehensively in the business world. The goal is to benefit those who work on it.
Merriam Webster
Business is all activities of making and buying and selling services and then exchanged for money, activities or work is a job and the number of activities is completed by a company, factory or shop.
Brown and Petrello
Business is an institution that produces goods and services needed by society. If the needs of the community increase, then the amount of production is increased to meet all the needs of the community while making a profit.
Steinford
Business means activities in the supply of goods and services needed by consumers.
Musselman and Jackson
They argue that business is the total number of activities organized in the field of commerce and industry in the supply of goods and services to meet the needs of the community and can improve the quality of people's lives.
Basic Forms of Business Ownership
Private company
An individual company is a business whose ownership is held by one person. Individual business owners have unlimited liability on company assets.
Partnership
Partnership is a form of business where two or more people work together to operate a company for profit. Just like an individual company, each partner (partnership) has obligations that are not limited to company assets. Guilds can be grouped into partnerships and limited companies.
Company
A company is a business whose ownership is held by several people and overseen by a board of directors. Each owner has limited company assets.
Cooperative
Cooperative is a business consisting of people or legal entities based on cooperative activities under the principle of cooperatives as well as the people's economic movement based on the principle of kinship. The purpose of cooperatives is for the welfare of their members. The main characteristic that distinguishes cooperatives from other business entities is that cooperative members have multiple identities. Multiple identities mean that members of the cooperative are the owners and users of cooperative services.
Management
The study of business operations efficiently and effectively is called management. The main branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, operations management, production management, strategic management, business intelligence and information technology management.
Grouping of Business Activities
Businesses are of various types, and, as a result, businesses can be grouped in different ways.
Manufacture
is a business that manufactures products that are derived from compound or raw banhan, then sold for profit. For Example: Manufacturing is a company that produces physical goods such as cars.
Business services
is a business that produces intangible goods, and profit by charging for the services they provide.
Retailers and distributors
is a party that acts as an intermediary between producers and consumers.
Mining and agriculture business
is a business that produces raw goods, such as plants or minerals.
Financial business
is a business that benefits from investment and capital management.
Business Information
is a business that benefits primarily from the resale of intellectual property.
The utility
is a business that runs public services, such as electricity and water, and is usually funded by the government.
Understanding Computer Operating Systems and Types
Understanding Computer Operating Systems and Types
- UNIX
The Operating System created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, developed by AT&T Bell Labs is UNIX.
UNIX is designed as a portable, Multi-User and Multi-Tasking Operating System.
The UNIX Operating System places more emphasis on Workstations and Servers, due to the high availability and compatibility factors that cause UNIX to be used, copied and modified so that UNIX is developed by many parties and causes many variants of this UNIX.
UNIX is written in C language so that UNIX is similar to DOS, which is Line / Text Command Based besides UNIX is also a secure Operating System compared to other Operating Systems, because each file, directory, user and group has its own set of permissions to access. Because of the support of the GNU Project, then UNIX developed into LINUX (One variant of UNIX).
- LINUX
Initially Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds, which initially only made terminal emulation needed to access UNIX servers at his university.
Linux is a clone of MINIX (One of the UNIX variants), the system tools and libraries generally come from the GNU Operating System. Linux has many designs that come from the basic design of UNIX, Linux uses a Monilithic Kernel, the Linux Kernel to handle networking, process control, peripherals, and accessing the file system.
Just like UNIX, Linux can also be controlled by one or more text-based command line interfaces (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI) which is the default configuration in the desktop version.
On Desktop computers, Xfce, KDE and GNOME are very popular user interfaces compared to other user interface variants. A Linux system provides a command line interface via a Shell (Konsole).
The main difference in Linux and other popular operating systems lies in the Linux Kernel and its free and open components. Just as in UNIX, Linux concentrates on Workstations and Servers, and many Workstations and Servers rely on Linux because Linux is very stable to function for a long period a long time and Linux is also immune to Malware.
There are several types of Linux distributions, such as: Ubuntu, Lycoris, Xandros, Linux-Mandrake, Linare, Lindows, Red Hat Linux, Debian, Knoppix, Fedora, Suse, Slackware.
- IBM OS / 2
International Business Machine Corporation and Microsoft Corporation made the IBM OS / 2 Operating System together, to function on IBM computers in lieu of the DOS Operating System.
Operating System / 2 is an abbreviation of the word OS /, this Operating System is designed to be enabled according to the full capabilities of the Intel 80286 Microprocessor, including among them the Protected Mode (Protected Mode), which is capable of supporting Virtual Memory and carrying out tasks simultaneously.
- MAC OS (MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM)
Macintosh Operating System (MAC OS) is an Operating System created by Apple Computer specifically for Macintosh computers that are not compatible with IBM-based computers.
MAC OS is the first Operating System to use a graphical user interface (Graphical User Interface / GUI). There are 2 types of Macintosh, namely:
1. MAC OS Classic
Does not have any Command Line, fully uses Cooperative, and Multitasking uses the User Interface (UI)
2. MAC OS X
The OS OS X Operating System can include BSD Unix, One Step elements, and also MAC OS X Pre-Emptive Multitasking and has Unix-style memory.
Strengths on MAC OS:
1. MultiTasking
2. Safe from Malware.
3. Stable, because basically it uses UNIX.
4. Display (UI) is very good.
- FREE BSD
A free UNIX-type Operating System derived from UNIX AT&T is FreeBSD.
FreeBSD is running on an Intel x86 system. FreeBSD first appeared in 1993 by David Greenman. The aim of FreeBSD was to provide software that can be used for various purposes. FreeBSD itself developed from 386BSD on a BSD OS development project running on Intel Chip.
-SOLARIS
Solaris is an Operating System which is also based on the UNIX system that was allowed by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as a supporter of SunOS.
The well-known or superiority of Solaris is because of its stability, especially in the SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) system, Solaris is certified in the UNIX Specification even though at the beginning of its development based on private ownership,
The basic Solaris code is mostly OpenSource Software, commonly known as OpenSolaris.
OpenSolaris itself is the OpenSource version of the Sun Solaris Operating System, but Sun Solaris consists of more code that is not only the core of the Operating System, for example: Source for Installers, Software, Desktops.
Open Solaris has many features that make OpenSolaris can be used for a very large scale of use of use for desktop PCs and Mobile PCs.
The Open Solaris concept is:
1. Free Redistribution: Distributed freely.
2. Source Code: Source must be available for all distributions.
3. Delivered Works: Everyone can change the code and redistribute it.
4. No Discrimination: Codes must be provided for someone to develop.
The advantages of OpenSolaris compared to other OS (operating system) are;
1. ZFS: System Restore.
2. Race L: observes where the location of the application uses a lot of time and how long.
3. Failure Management: Prevents, corrects errors and diagnoses
4. Zona: Implements an OS (Operating System) abstraction that allows several applications to run in isolation from one another on the same physical hardware.
5.Multimedia.
- Chrome OS
(SO) Operating system from Google which is very light and based on Linux and the web standard for personal PC computers is Chrome OS.
Google Chrome itself works with the method of switching (Multi-Tasking), Windowing.
Google Chrome OS uses the HTML 5 web standard, which is software development in browsers based on the Operating System.
There are so many kinds of computer operating systems that continue to grow, there is no perfect operating system because each operating system has its own power and characteristics.
- UNIX
The Operating System created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, developed by AT&T Bell Labs is UNIX.
UNIX is designed as a portable, Multi-User and Multi-Tasking Operating System.
The UNIX Operating System places more emphasis on Workstations and Servers, due to the high availability and compatibility factors that cause UNIX to be used, copied and modified so that UNIX is developed by many parties and causes many variants of this UNIX.
UNIX is written in C language so that UNIX is similar to DOS, which is Line / Text Command Based besides UNIX is also a secure Operating System compared to other Operating Systems, because each file, directory, user and group has its own set of permissions to access. Because of the support of the GNU Project, then UNIX developed into LINUX (One variant of UNIX).
- LINUX
Initially Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds, which initially only made terminal emulation needed to access UNIX servers at his university.
Linux is a clone of MINIX (One of the UNIX variants), the system tools and libraries generally come from the GNU Operating System. Linux has many designs that come from the basic design of UNIX, Linux uses a Monilithic Kernel, the Linux Kernel to handle networking, process control, peripherals, and accessing the file system.
Just like UNIX, Linux can also be controlled by one or more text-based command line interfaces (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI) which is the default configuration in the desktop version.
On Desktop computers, Xfce, KDE and GNOME are very popular user interfaces compared to other user interface variants. A Linux system provides a command line interface via a Shell (Konsole).
The main difference in Linux and other popular operating systems lies in the Linux Kernel and its free and open components. Just as in UNIX, Linux concentrates on Workstations and Servers, and many Workstations and Servers rely on Linux because Linux is very stable to function for a long period a long time and Linux is also immune to Malware.
There are several types of Linux distributions, such as: Ubuntu, Lycoris, Xandros, Linux-Mandrake, Linare, Lindows, Red Hat Linux, Debian, Knoppix, Fedora, Suse, Slackware.
- IBM OS / 2
International Business Machine Corporation and Microsoft Corporation made the IBM OS / 2 Operating System together, to function on IBM computers in lieu of the DOS Operating System.
Operating System / 2 is an abbreviation of the word OS /, this Operating System is designed to be enabled according to the full capabilities of the Intel 80286 Microprocessor, including among them the Protected Mode (Protected Mode), which is capable of supporting Virtual Memory and carrying out tasks simultaneously.
- MAC OS (MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM)
Macintosh Operating System (MAC OS) is an Operating System created by Apple Computer specifically for Macintosh computers that are not compatible with IBM-based computers.
MAC OS is the first Operating System to use a graphical user interface (Graphical User Interface / GUI). There are 2 types of Macintosh, namely:
1. MAC OS Classic
Does not have any Command Line, fully uses Cooperative, and Multitasking uses the User Interface (UI)
2. MAC OS X
The OS OS X Operating System can include BSD Unix, One Step elements, and also MAC OS X Pre-Emptive Multitasking and has Unix-style memory.
Strengths on MAC OS:
1. MultiTasking
2. Safe from Malware.
3. Stable, because basically it uses UNIX.
4. Display (UI) is very good.
- FREE BSD
A free UNIX-type Operating System derived from UNIX AT&T is FreeBSD.
FreeBSD is running on an Intel x86 system. FreeBSD first appeared in 1993 by David Greenman. The aim of FreeBSD was to provide software that can be used for various purposes. FreeBSD itself developed from 386BSD on a BSD OS development project running on Intel Chip.
-SOLARIS
Solaris is an Operating System which is also based on the UNIX system that was allowed by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as a supporter of SunOS.
The well-known or superiority of Solaris is because of its stability, especially in the SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) system, Solaris is certified in the UNIX Specification even though at the beginning of its development based on private ownership,
The basic Solaris code is mostly OpenSource Software, commonly known as OpenSolaris.
OpenSolaris itself is the OpenSource version of the Sun Solaris Operating System, but Sun Solaris consists of more code that is not only the core of the Operating System, for example: Source for Installers, Software, Desktops.
Open Solaris has many features that make OpenSolaris can be used for a very large scale of use of use for desktop PCs and Mobile PCs.
The Open Solaris concept is:
1. Free Redistribution: Distributed freely.
2. Source Code: Source must be available for all distributions.
3. Delivered Works: Everyone can change the code and redistribute it.
4. No Discrimination: Codes must be provided for someone to develop.
The advantages of OpenSolaris compared to other OS (operating system) are;
1. ZFS: System Restore.
2. Race L: observes where the location of the application uses a lot of time and how long.
3. Failure Management: Prevents, corrects errors and diagnoses
4. Zona: Implements an OS (Operating System) abstraction that allows several applications to run in isolation from one another on the same physical hardware.
5.Multimedia.
- Chrome OS
(SO) Operating system from Google which is very light and based on Linux and the web standard for personal PC computers is Chrome OS.
Google Chrome itself works with the method of switching (Multi-Tasking), Windowing.
Google Chrome OS uses the HTML 5 web standard, which is software development in browsers based on the Operating System.
There are so many kinds of computer operating systems that continue to grow, there is no perfect operating system because each operating system has its own power and characteristics.
Operating System Available on the PC
Operating System Available on the PC
WINDOWS (MICROSOFT WINDOWS)
Mircosoft Windows or commonly referred to as Windows is an SO developed by Microsoft Corporation that uses an interface based on Graphical User Interface (GUI) or graphical interface.
At first Windows started with the Microsoft Disk Operating System (Ms-Dos), which was an operating system based on text and Command-Line interpreters.
The first version of Windows, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 is a software that works on 16-Bit architecture and is not an Operating System and runs on MS-DOS, so to run it requires MS-DOS. MS-DOS itself is actually made on Seattle Computer Products computer company and only after that was recruited by Microsoft who then purchased a license.
After developing into Windows 1.0 in the first version of SO (operating system) in the world based on Graphical User Interface (GUI) and supports Multi-Tasking or that can do a lot of work simultaneously. After that Windows 1.0 developed into Windows 2.0, Windows 2.0 is based on GUI and supports the use of VGA (Video GraphicsArray) and also supports Multi-Tasking. Windows 2.0 also supports the use of the Intel 80286 Processor where the Intel 80286 Processor is the first Processor with the ability to protect the memory area.
Which then continued with the generation of Windows 3.0 where Windows 3.0 has the same capabilities as the previous Windows and there is an added value added SVGA or XGA graphics support and also a better icon.
In that era, Microsoft also provided a Software Development kit (SDK), so that software developers can continue to develop applications / programs to be able to run on Windows 3.0. Windows 3.0 also introduces the Virtual Device Driver (VXD) which can function to minimize dependency on each driver on certain hardware.
Windows 3.0 then evolved into Windows 3.1 which was introduced with Multimedia features and True Type Fonts as well as making it easier for End-Users because of the Drag and Drop feature and finally Windows version 3 developed into an Operating System that was familiar with NetWorking (Windows 3.11).
After developing for a long time Microsoft finally introduced a 16-Bit / 32-Bit hybrid Operating System known as Windows 95. Many changes from previous versions of Windows, namely: Windows 95 has a more attractive and attractive GUI, supports Plug and Play, supports naming long, has several facilities such as: integrated browser and Windows Explorer to explore Windows. In addition, Windows 95 has features for power management (APM) and the introduction of Client-Server.
The next generation of Windows 95 is Windows 98 where Windows 98 already supports AGP-based VGA, and supports compact storage media such as USB, the introduction of NAT to share Internet connections and the Windows Driver Model replaces the Virtual Device Driver with.
There are also some additional features in the form of Internet Explorer version 5 and Microsoft Office applications. Windows 98 also has the abilities to play games and run Multimedia applications.
The next development is Windows ME, the added value of Windows ME besides the graphics support transition from 16-Bit to 32-Bit and in the era of Windows ME many home users already use it. Windows ME was eventually replaced with Windows NT which already supports x86 (80x86) architecture, Intel IA64 and AMD64 (x64) and supports 32-Bit graphics.
Windows NT was actually built from the development of IBM OS / 2 and Windows NT is also widely used in computer networks. Windows NT also introduces the NTFS File System which is better than FAT or FAT-32.
Then Windows NT developed into Windows 2000, there were many additional features including: Active Directory, Image Preview, Internet Explorer v6 Browser, DirectX and Open GL, Plug and Play and Windows Driver Model for better performance.
After the generation of Windows NT came the Windows XP that offers many changes, has many features and performance that is increasingly increasing. It can be said that Windows XP is the best-selling Windows and is in demand by PC users and mobile PC devices (Mobile).
Along with the need for networking, Microsoft Corporation issued an SO that concentrates on networking, namely: Windows Server 2003. You could say Windows Server 2003 is the reincarnation of Windows NT.
Lots of features offered on Windows Server 2003, one of which is the introduction of the .Net platform. Also introduced are Domain Controller Server features, PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Servers, Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Windows Internet Name Services (WINS), Microsoft IIS, and others.
Microsoft also continues the development of the Operating System with Windows Vista (Longhorn), Windows Vista is a revolution of Windows XP. Windows Vista itself prefers the interface (interface) or graphical appearance of the interface compared to existing performance, evidenced by the presence of features such as: AERO and Sidebar and so on.
Windows Vista also offers better security compared to Windows XP, because in Windows Vista introduced, Windows Defender, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR, Parental Control, User Account Control (UAC) ,.
Windows Vista also introduces IPv6, the latest version of DirectX, and 64-Bit architecture. The next development was the transition from Windows Server 2003 to Windows Home Server which was intended as a File Server for the home.
Windows Server also introduces several technologies, namely: Headless Operation (the server does not need a monitor or keyboard to manage the device), remote control, computer health monitoring, sharing and streaming.
The next generation is marked by the merging of Windows Server with BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR, which is Windows Server 2008. Windows Server and Windows Vista Features are combined into one to increase the security and comfort of End-Users.
Furthermore, Windows Server 2008 developed into Windows Server 2008 R2. The last version of the Operating System made by Windows was Windows 7, Windows 7 was released to replace the shortcomings in Windows XP and Windows Vista plus value.
It can be said if Windows 7 is a fusion of Windows XP and Windows Vista, unlike Windows Vista, Windows 7 has a performance that is certainly better than Windows Vista.
WINDOWS (MICROSOFT WINDOWS)
Mircosoft Windows or commonly referred to as Windows is an SO developed by Microsoft Corporation that uses an interface based on Graphical User Interface (GUI) or graphical interface.
At first Windows started with the Microsoft Disk Operating System (Ms-Dos), which was an operating system based on text and Command-Line interpreters.
The first version of Windows, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 is a software that works on 16-Bit architecture and is not an Operating System and runs on MS-DOS, so to run it requires MS-DOS. MS-DOS itself is actually made on Seattle Computer Products computer company and only after that was recruited by Microsoft who then purchased a license.
After developing into Windows 1.0 in the first version of SO (operating system) in the world based on Graphical User Interface (GUI) and supports Multi-Tasking or that can do a lot of work simultaneously. After that Windows 1.0 developed into Windows 2.0, Windows 2.0 is based on GUI and supports the use of VGA (Video GraphicsArray) and also supports Multi-Tasking. Windows 2.0 also supports the use of the Intel 80286 Processor where the Intel 80286 Processor is the first Processor with the ability to protect the memory area.
Which then continued with the generation of Windows 3.0 where Windows 3.0 has the same capabilities as the previous Windows and there is an added value added SVGA or XGA graphics support and also a better icon.
In that era, Microsoft also provided a Software Development kit (SDK), so that software developers can continue to develop applications / programs to be able to run on Windows 3.0. Windows 3.0 also introduces the Virtual Device Driver (VXD) which can function to minimize dependency on each driver on certain hardware.
Windows 3.0 then evolved into Windows 3.1 which was introduced with Multimedia features and True Type Fonts as well as making it easier for End-Users because of the Drag and Drop feature and finally Windows version 3 developed into an Operating System that was familiar with NetWorking (Windows 3.11).
After developing for a long time Microsoft finally introduced a 16-Bit / 32-Bit hybrid Operating System known as Windows 95. Many changes from previous versions of Windows, namely: Windows 95 has a more attractive and attractive GUI, supports Plug and Play, supports naming long, has several facilities such as: integrated browser and Windows Explorer to explore Windows. In addition, Windows 95 has features for power management (APM) and the introduction of Client-Server.
The next generation of Windows 95 is Windows 98 where Windows 98 already supports AGP-based VGA, and supports compact storage media such as USB, the introduction of NAT to share Internet connections and the Windows Driver Model replaces the Virtual Device Driver with.
There are also some additional features in the form of Internet Explorer version 5 and Microsoft Office applications. Windows 98 also has the abilities to play games and run Multimedia applications.
The next development is Windows ME, the added value of Windows ME besides the graphics support transition from 16-Bit to 32-Bit and in the era of Windows ME many home users already use it. Windows ME was eventually replaced with Windows NT which already supports x86 (80x86) architecture, Intel IA64 and AMD64 (x64) and supports 32-Bit graphics.
Windows NT was actually built from the development of IBM OS / 2 and Windows NT is also widely used in computer networks. Windows NT also introduces the NTFS File System which is better than FAT or FAT-32.
Then Windows NT developed into Windows 2000, there were many additional features including: Active Directory, Image Preview, Internet Explorer v6 Browser, DirectX and Open GL, Plug and Play and Windows Driver Model for better performance.
After the generation of Windows NT came the Windows XP that offers many changes, has many features and performance that is increasingly increasing. It can be said that Windows XP is the best-selling Windows and is in demand by PC users and mobile PC devices (Mobile).
Along with the need for networking, Microsoft Corporation issued an SO that concentrates on networking, namely: Windows Server 2003. You could say Windows Server 2003 is the reincarnation of Windows NT.
Lots of features offered on Windows Server 2003, one of which is the introduction of the .Net platform. Also introduced are Domain Controller Server features, PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Servers, Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Windows Internet Name Services (WINS), Microsoft IIS, and others.
Microsoft also continues the development of the Operating System with Windows Vista (Longhorn), Windows Vista is a revolution of Windows XP. Windows Vista itself prefers the interface (interface) or graphical appearance of the interface compared to existing performance, evidenced by the presence of features such as: AERO and Sidebar and so on.
Windows Vista also offers better security compared to Windows XP, because in Windows Vista introduced, Windows Defender, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR, Parental Control, User Account Control (UAC) ,.
Windows Vista also introduces IPv6, the latest version of DirectX, and 64-Bit architecture. The next development was the transition from Windows Server 2003 to Windows Home Server which was intended as a File Server for the home.
Windows Server also introduces several technologies, namely: Headless Operation (the server does not need a monitor or keyboard to manage the device), remote control, computer health monitoring, sharing and streaming.
The next generation is marked by the merging of Windows Server with BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR, which is Windows Server 2008. Windows Server and Windows Vista Features are combined into one to increase the security and comfort of End-Users.
Furthermore, Windows Server 2008 developed into Windows Server 2008 R2. The last version of the Operating System made by Windows was Windows 7, Windows 7 was released to replace the shortcomings in Windows XP and Windows Vista plus value.
It can be said if Windows 7 is a fusion of Windows XP and Windows Vista, unlike Windows Vista, Windows 7 has a performance that is certainly better than Windows Vista.
Definition of Complete Network and Explanation of the Operating System
Definition of Complete Network
Understanding Computer Networks
Definition and Definition of the Most Complete Network - The network (network) is an operating system consisting of a number of computers and other network devices that work together to achieve the same goal or a network that consists of points (nodes) connected to one interact with each other, with or without wires. Each of these nodes is useful as a workstations. One of the nodes is as a service media or server, which regulates certain functions of other nodes. Basically computer network technology itself is a combination between computer tenology and communication technology.
Definition and Understanding of Network
The purpose of computer networks:
Networks allow resource management to be more efficient. In addition, licenses from network software can be cheaper than separate stand-alone licenses for the same number of users, and share CPU, Memory and Harddsik usage.
The network also helps maintain information that is reliable and up-to-date. A well-managed centralized data storage system will allow many users to access data from a variety of different locations, and limit access to data while being processed.
The network also helps speed up the process of sharing data (data sharing). Data transfer on a network can always be faster than other means of sharing data that are not networked.
Networks also allow working groups to communicate more efficiently. Electronic mail and delivery are the substance of most network systems, in addition to scheduling systems, project monitoring, online conferencing and groupware, all of which help teams work more productively and quickly.
Networks also help businesses in serving their clients more effectively.
Network Benefits
The main benefit that can immediately be felt from network sharing is that the Internet is worldwide, because in essence the Internet is a series of computers connected to one another. It evolves and develops over time, so it can form a complex network as we feel now.
Another advantage seen from the side of the internal network is:
Resource Sharing is that it can use the available resources together.
High reliability with our computer network will get a high reliability by having an alternative source of inventory.
Hardware sharing is for sharing hardware on time together.
Security and data management is a computer in a business environment, with the existence of such a network will allow an administrator to organize all the most important office data.
Stability and improvement in computing performance is only under certain conditions, a network will be able to be used to improve the overall performance of business applications,
Network Losses
Here are some of the disadvantages of implementing a network:
High costs then higher.
network development includes various aspects, namely:
hardware purchase,
software,
costs for network planning consulting, then
costs for network building services themselves.
This high infestation is certainly for large companies with high network needs. Whereas for home users this fee is relatively small and can be reduced.
Hardware Management and System Administration: in a company organization that already has a system, this administration will be felt to be a small thing, at least when compared to the large work costs and costs incurred at the implementation stage. However, this is the most important step because errors at this point can result in a review that will even experience network re-construction.
Sharing unwanted files: With the good comes the bad, this is always a common thing (ambiguous), the ease of sharing files into a network intended for use by certain people, often resulting in leakage of shared folders and can be read also by other people who have no right. This will always happen if it is not set by the network administrator.
Virus applications and hacking methods are things that are always a scary problem for everyone that can cause network down and work stopping.
Definition of a Computer Operating System (Operating System) Complete - Operating System commonly called (Operating System) or commonly abbreviated OS, iyalah software (software) system that functions to control and management of hardware (hardware) as well as the basic operations of a computer system.
Information system
This management includes running application software such as word processing programs, multimedia players, and others.
Explanation of the Operating System (Operating System)
Operating System is the first software contained in a computer's memory when the computer is running.
While other software will run after SO (operating system) runs first. After that SO will service other software. Some of the services commonly performed by SO are:
Disk Access
Memory Management
Task Scheduling
User interface settings, etc.
Some of the tasks (tasks) above should be done by Software. But with SO, this software doesn't need to do the Job -job. The SO part that performs these core jobs is known as the Kernel.
SO in general consists of several parts, namely:
Boot mechanism is to put the Kernel into Computer Memory
The kernel is the core of an SO
Command Interpreter or shell, useful for reading an input from the User
Libraries, is as a provider of a collection of basic and standard functions that can be called by other applications.
Driver, functions to connect with external hardware.
There are so many kinds of operating systems that we can meet. Examples Some of them are;
Windows
Linux
MacOS (Macintosh Operating System)
Solaris
Now I will discuss the history and development of the Operating System.
SO is experiencing development that can be divided into 4 generations, that generation is;
1. First Generation (initial)
At the beginning of the SO is still done manually in the sense, there is no operating system that automatically, meaning that the operating system does not yet support work services that can be done in 1 series.
2. Second Generation
In this generation there have been introduced work that can be done in a series or commonly referred to as "Batch Procurement System".
3. Third Generation
In the third generation, the Operating System already supports Multi-Programming, Multi-User and Batch Proccessing System (Multi-Task) services.
4. The fourth generation
In this fourth generation, it has been allowed an abbreviated Graphical User Interface (GUI) which means that the OS has a display and with a mouse, End-Users can run applications / programs / software.
5. "Next" Generation
In the next generation this system was introduced to be in an Operating System, and in this generation was introduced an operating system that moves (Mobile) on mobile devices such as: PDAs, Poket PCs, and others. In this next generation, virtual network operating system technology is also introduced, so that in a network only 1 operating system is installed on a device that functions as a server, Cross Platform Operating System is also introduced, which means that it can combine 2 different operating systems such as: Linux and Windows .
Understanding Computer Networks
Definition and Definition of the Most Complete Network - The network (network) is an operating system consisting of a number of computers and other network devices that work together to achieve the same goal or a network that consists of points (nodes) connected to one interact with each other, with or without wires. Each of these nodes is useful as a workstations. One of the nodes is as a service media or server, which regulates certain functions of other nodes. Basically computer network technology itself is a combination between computer tenology and communication technology.
Definition and Understanding of Network
The purpose of computer networks:
Networks allow resource management to be more efficient. In addition, licenses from network software can be cheaper than separate stand-alone licenses for the same number of users, and share CPU, Memory and Harddsik usage.
The network also helps maintain information that is reliable and up-to-date. A well-managed centralized data storage system will allow many users to access data from a variety of different locations, and limit access to data while being processed.
The network also helps speed up the process of sharing data (data sharing). Data transfer on a network can always be faster than other means of sharing data that are not networked.
Networks also allow working groups to communicate more efficiently. Electronic mail and delivery are the substance of most network systems, in addition to scheduling systems, project monitoring, online conferencing and groupware, all of which help teams work more productively and quickly.
Networks also help businesses in serving their clients more effectively.
Network Benefits
The main benefit that can immediately be felt from network sharing is that the Internet is worldwide, because in essence the Internet is a series of computers connected to one another. It evolves and develops over time, so it can form a complex network as we feel now.
Another advantage seen from the side of the internal network is:
Resource Sharing is that it can use the available resources together.
High reliability with our computer network will get a high reliability by having an alternative source of inventory.
Hardware sharing is for sharing hardware on time together.
Security and data management is a computer in a business environment, with the existence of such a network will allow an administrator to organize all the most important office data.
Stability and improvement in computing performance is only under certain conditions, a network will be able to be used to improve the overall performance of business applications,
Network Losses
Here are some of the disadvantages of implementing a network:
High costs then higher.
network development includes various aspects, namely:
hardware purchase,
software,
costs for network planning consulting, then
costs for network building services themselves.
This high infestation is certainly for large companies with high network needs. Whereas for home users this fee is relatively small and can be reduced.
Hardware Management and System Administration: in a company organization that already has a system, this administration will be felt to be a small thing, at least when compared to the large work costs and costs incurred at the implementation stage. However, this is the most important step because errors at this point can result in a review that will even experience network re-construction.
Sharing unwanted files: With the good comes the bad, this is always a common thing (ambiguous), the ease of sharing files into a network intended for use by certain people, often resulting in leakage of shared folders and can be read also by other people who have no right. This will always happen if it is not set by the network administrator.
Virus applications and hacking methods are things that are always a scary problem for everyone that can cause network down and work stopping.
Definition of a Computer Operating System (Operating System) Complete - Operating System commonly called (Operating System) or commonly abbreviated OS, iyalah software (software) system that functions to control and management of hardware (hardware) as well as the basic operations of a computer system.
Information system
This management includes running application software such as word processing programs, multimedia players, and others.
Explanation of the Operating System (Operating System)
Operating System is the first software contained in a computer's memory when the computer is running.
While other software will run after SO (operating system) runs first. After that SO will service other software. Some of the services commonly performed by SO are:
Disk Access
Memory Management
Task Scheduling
User interface settings, etc.
Some of the tasks (tasks) above should be done by Software. But with SO, this software doesn't need to do the Job -job. The SO part that performs these core jobs is known as the Kernel.
SO in general consists of several parts, namely:
Boot mechanism is to put the Kernel into Computer Memory
The kernel is the core of an SO
Command Interpreter or shell, useful for reading an input from the User
Libraries, is as a provider of a collection of basic and standard functions that can be called by other applications.
Driver, functions to connect with external hardware.
There are so many kinds of operating systems that we can meet. Examples Some of them are;
Windows
Linux
MacOS (Macintosh Operating System)
Solaris
Now I will discuss the history and development of the Operating System.
SO is experiencing development that can be divided into 4 generations, that generation is;
1. First Generation (initial)
At the beginning of the SO is still done manually in the sense, there is no operating system that automatically, meaning that the operating system does not yet support work services that can be done in 1 series.
2. Second Generation
In this generation there have been introduced work that can be done in a series or commonly referred to as "Batch Procurement System".
3. Third Generation
In the third generation, the Operating System already supports Multi-Programming, Multi-User and Batch Proccessing System (Multi-Task) services.
4. The fourth generation
In this fourth generation, it has been allowed an abbreviated Graphical User Interface (GUI) which means that the OS has a display and with a mouse, End-Users can run applications / programs / software.
5. "Next" Generation
In the next generation this system was introduced to be in an Operating System, and in this generation was introduced an operating system that moves (Mobile) on mobile devices such as: PDAs, Poket PCs, and others. In this next generation, virtual network operating system technology is also introduced, so that in a network only 1 operating system is installed on a device that functions as a server, Cross Platform Operating System is also introduced, which means that it can combine 2 different operating systems such as: Linux and Windows .
Understanding Information Systems
Understanding Information Systems
23 Understanding Information Systems According to Experts, Objectives, Functions, Objectives, Benefits, Components, Classification, Characteristics, Types, & Examples COMPLETE: a collection of hardware, software, brainware, procedures and or rules that are integrally organized to process data into useful information in order to solve problems and make decisions.
Information Systems
See the Core List:
Understanding Information Systems
Information system is a collection of hardware, software, brainware, procedures and or rules that are integrally organized to process data into useful information to solve problems and make decisions.
The information system is an integrated and complementary processed data unit that produces output in the form of images, sounds and text.
An information system is a group of components forming a system that has a link between one component and other components aimed at producing information in a particular field.
In information systems the classification of information flows is needed, this is due to the diversity of information needs by information users. The criteria of the information system, among others, are flexible, effective and efficient.
Information system is a collection of related sub-systems that form a component which includes input-process-output related to information management (data that has been obtained so it is more useful for the user).
An information system (SI) or information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and interfaces that interact to support and improve some of the daily operations in a business, including supporting problem solving and management decision-making needs. and users who are experienced in their fields.
An information system is a collection or set of components that relate and support the functions of gathering, processing, storing and distributing information.
The results of this process are used by management as a basis for organizational decision making. In addition, a good information system can also help in terms of analyzing and visualizing problems in the creation of new products.
Basic Concepts of the System
The basic concept of the system there are two approaches namely the emphasis on the procedure and emphasis on its components.
The system definition that emphasizes procedure is: a network of interrelated procedures, gathered together to carry out an activity or to accomplish a certain goal.
A procedure is: a sequence of clerical operations, usually involving several people in one or more departments, which is implemented to ensure uniform handling of business transactions that occur.
Other definitions of the procedure are: the exact sequence of stages of the instruction that explains what needs to be done, who does it, when to do it and how to do it.
The system definition that emphasizes more on the components / elements are: a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal.
System characteristics, namely: have components, system boundaries, the environment outside the system, connectors, input, output, processor / process, and goals or objectives.
Classification of the system from several points of view as follows:
The system as a natural system and man-made system.
System as an abstract system and a physical system.
The system as a particular system (deterministic) and an uncertain system (probabilistic)
The system as a closed system and open system.
Basic Concepts of Information
Within the organization is very important in managing key resources such as labor and raw materials, but now information is also an important resource that must be managed.
Decision makers understand that information is not just a byproduct of an ongoing business, but also as a filler for business and a critical factor in determining the success or failure of a business.
Information is like blood flowing in the body of an organization. So that information is one of the main forms of resources in an organization that is used by managers to control the company in achieving its goals.
The definition of information is: data that is processed into a form that is more useful and more meaningful for those who receive it.
Data is: reality that describes a real event and unity. Or data are: real-world representations representing objects such as humans (employees, students, customers), animals, events, concepts, circumstances etc., which are recorded in the form of numbers, letters, symbols, text, images, sounds or combinations thereof.
Data / Information collection methods
Direct observation
Interview
Estimated respondent
a list of questions
Information cycle: Data that is still raw material must be processed to produce information through a model. The model used to process the data is called the data processing model or known as the data processing cycle (information cycle).
23 Understanding Information Systems According to Experts, Objectives, Functions, Objectives, Benefits, Components, Classification, Characteristics, Types, & Examples COMPLETE: a collection of hardware, software, brainware, procedures and or rules that are integrally organized to process data into useful information in order to solve problems and make decisions.
Information Systems
See the Core List:
Understanding Information Systems
Information system is a collection of hardware, software, brainware, procedures and or rules that are integrally organized to process data into useful information to solve problems and make decisions.
The information system is an integrated and complementary processed data unit that produces output in the form of images, sounds and text.
An information system is a group of components forming a system that has a link between one component and other components aimed at producing information in a particular field.
In information systems the classification of information flows is needed, this is due to the diversity of information needs by information users. The criteria of the information system, among others, are flexible, effective and efficient.
Information system is a collection of related sub-systems that form a component which includes input-process-output related to information management (data that has been obtained so it is more useful for the user).
An information system (SI) or information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and interfaces that interact to support and improve some of the daily operations in a business, including supporting problem solving and management decision-making needs. and users who are experienced in their fields.
An information system is a collection or set of components that relate and support the functions of gathering, processing, storing and distributing information.
The results of this process are used by management as a basis for organizational decision making. In addition, a good information system can also help in terms of analyzing and visualizing problems in the creation of new products.
Basic Concepts of the System
The basic concept of the system there are two approaches namely the emphasis on the procedure and emphasis on its components.
The system definition that emphasizes procedure is: a network of interrelated procedures, gathered together to carry out an activity or to accomplish a certain goal.
A procedure is: a sequence of clerical operations, usually involving several people in one or more departments, which is implemented to ensure uniform handling of business transactions that occur.
Other definitions of the procedure are: the exact sequence of stages of the instruction that explains what needs to be done, who does it, when to do it and how to do it.
The system definition that emphasizes more on the components / elements are: a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal.
System characteristics, namely: have components, system boundaries, the environment outside the system, connectors, input, output, processor / process, and goals or objectives.
Classification of the system from several points of view as follows:
The system as a natural system and man-made system.
System as an abstract system and a physical system.
The system as a particular system (deterministic) and an uncertain system (probabilistic)
The system as a closed system and open system.
Basic Concepts of Information
Within the organization is very important in managing key resources such as labor and raw materials, but now information is also an important resource that must be managed.
Decision makers understand that information is not just a byproduct of an ongoing business, but also as a filler for business and a critical factor in determining the success or failure of a business.
Information is like blood flowing in the body of an organization. So that information is one of the main forms of resources in an organization that is used by managers to control the company in achieving its goals.
The definition of information is: data that is processed into a form that is more useful and more meaningful for those who receive it.
Data is: reality that describes a real event and unity. Or data are: real-world representations representing objects such as humans (employees, students, customers), animals, events, concepts, circumstances etc., which are recorded in the form of numbers, letters, symbols, text, images, sounds or combinations thereof.
Data / Information collection methods
Direct observation
Interview
Estimated respondent
a list of questions
Information cycle: Data that is still raw material must be processed to produce information through a model. The model used to process the data is called the data processing model or known as the data processing cycle (information cycle).
Computer Networks and the Positive and Negative Impacts
The Shape and Size of Computer Networks and the Positive and Negative Impacts
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network that has a local network that is in the same physical location that can connect computers with other computers using a cable that is connected to a device that is shared. On this network allows users to use printers and storage devices simultaneously, use programs and send messages or e-mail messages to one or more computer users in the same small office.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
This is a version of Lan that is larger and includes such offices in adjacent companies or a city and can be used for personal or public purposes.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
On a computer network this one can cover a very broad geographical, often including a country or a continent.
Benefits of the Internet
In general, many benefits can be obtained if a person has access to the internet. The following are part of what is available on the internet, among others:
Information for personal life
Which include health, recreation, hobbies, personal development, spiritual, and social
Information for professional / worker life
Which include such as science, technology, trade, stocks, commodities, business news, professional associations, business associations and various communication forums.
Components forming an intranet are basically the same as forming components of an intranet, such as:
Browser applications such as Internet Explorer, Opra, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape
Network device
TCP / IP protocol
Server computer
Client computer
Programming languages like html, php, mysql, and others
Developer tools
What needs to be known in addition to the intranet if some of the organization's information is to be exposed so that it can be accessed by outside networks (the internet) is a firewall and router (this internet will become an extranet).
Internet history
In 1969 the United States Department of Defense in the ARPA - ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) project demonstrated how to communicate without limitation (infinite distance) through telephone lines using computer hardware and software based on the UNIX Operating System. In the ARPANET project, after the network design was designed with the standardization of reliability and how much information can be transferred to share, a new protocol called TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) was formed.
The original purpose of the ARPANET project was actually limited to military needs, at that time a computer network system was made to connect computers to vital areas / regions.
In 1969 the ARPANET initially only connected 4 sites including the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of Utah into an integrated network. Then in October 1972 the ARPANET was generally introduced and soon developed very rapidly throughout the region until the ARPANET had difficulty managing it.
So the ARPANET was split into two parts namely "MILNET" for military purposes and smaller ARPANET in non-military needs. Over time the combination of the two networks became known to the wider community by the name of DARPA Internet and then simplified into the Internet as we know it today. The term internet was first used in 1982 with the development of name servers that allow users to connect to a particular host.
Positive and negative impacts of the internet
The following are Positive and Negative Impacts of the Internet
Positive impact
1. Internet as a communication media, is the most widely used internet function where every internet user can communicate with other users from all over the world.
2. Data exchange media, by using email, newsgroups, ftp and www (world wide web network of web sites) internet users around the world can exchange information quickly and cheaply.
3. The media for finding information or data, the rapid development of the internet, making www as one of the important and accurate sources of information.
4. The ease of obtaining information on the internet so that people know what is happening.
5. Can be used as information land for education, culture, and others
6. Ease of transaction and business in the field of trade so that you do not need to go to the place of offer / sale.
Negative impact
Pornography
The assumption that says that the internet is identical with pornography, is not wrong. With the ability to deliver information owned by the internet, pornography is rampant. To anticipate this, the producers of browser complement their programs with the ability to choose the type of home page that can be accessed. On the internet there are pornographic images and violence that can lead to encouragement to someone to act criminally.
Violence and Gore
Cruelty and violence are also displayed. Because the business and content aspects of the internet world are unlimited, site owners use all kinds of methods in order to 'sell' their sites. One of them by showing things that are taboo.
Fraud
It infectious all aspects. The internet is not spared from fraudsters. The best way is to disregard this or confirm the information you have obtained with the information provider.
Carding
Because of its immediate nature, how to shop using a credit card is the most widely used method in the internet world. The internet criminals also commit the most crimes in this field. With an open nature, criminals are able to detect transactions (using Credit Cards) on-line and record the Card code used. Henceforth they use the data they get for the benefit of their crime.
Gambling
Another effect is the expansion of gambling. With the available network, gamblers don't need to go to a special place to fulfill their desires. You just need to avoid sites like this, because gambling sites are generally not aggressive and require a lot of approval from visitors.
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network that has a local network that is in the same physical location that can connect computers with other computers using a cable that is connected to a device that is shared. On this network allows users to use printers and storage devices simultaneously, use programs and send messages or e-mail messages to one or more computer users in the same small office.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
This is a version of Lan that is larger and includes such offices in adjacent companies or a city and can be used for personal or public purposes.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
On a computer network this one can cover a very broad geographical, often including a country or a continent.
Benefits of the Internet
In general, many benefits can be obtained if a person has access to the internet. The following are part of what is available on the internet, among others:
Information for personal life
Which include health, recreation, hobbies, personal development, spiritual, and social
Information for professional / worker life
Which include such as science, technology, trade, stocks, commodities, business news, professional associations, business associations and various communication forums.
Components forming an intranet are basically the same as forming components of an intranet, such as:
Browser applications such as Internet Explorer, Opra, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape
Network device
TCP / IP protocol
Server computer
Client computer
Programming languages like html, php, mysql, and others
Developer tools
What needs to be known in addition to the intranet if some of the organization's information is to be exposed so that it can be accessed by outside networks (the internet) is a firewall and router (this internet will become an extranet).
Internet history
In 1969 the United States Department of Defense in the ARPA - ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) project demonstrated how to communicate without limitation (infinite distance) through telephone lines using computer hardware and software based on the UNIX Operating System. In the ARPANET project, after the network design was designed with the standardization of reliability and how much information can be transferred to share, a new protocol called TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) was formed.
The original purpose of the ARPANET project was actually limited to military needs, at that time a computer network system was made to connect computers to vital areas / regions.
In 1969 the ARPANET initially only connected 4 sites including the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of Utah into an integrated network. Then in October 1972 the ARPANET was generally introduced and soon developed very rapidly throughout the region until the ARPANET had difficulty managing it.
So the ARPANET was split into two parts namely "MILNET" for military purposes and smaller ARPANET in non-military needs. Over time the combination of the two networks became known to the wider community by the name of DARPA Internet and then simplified into the Internet as we know it today. The term internet was first used in 1982 with the development of name servers that allow users to connect to a particular host.
Positive and negative impacts of the internet
The following are Positive and Negative Impacts of the Internet
Positive impact
1. Internet as a communication media, is the most widely used internet function where every internet user can communicate with other users from all over the world.
2. Data exchange media, by using email, newsgroups, ftp and www (world wide web network of web sites) internet users around the world can exchange information quickly and cheaply.
3. The media for finding information or data, the rapid development of the internet, making www as one of the important and accurate sources of information.
4. The ease of obtaining information on the internet so that people know what is happening.
5. Can be used as information land for education, culture, and others
6. Ease of transaction and business in the field of trade so that you do not need to go to the place of offer / sale.
Negative impact
Pornography
The assumption that says that the internet is identical with pornography, is not wrong. With the ability to deliver information owned by the internet, pornography is rampant. To anticipate this, the producers of browser complement their programs with the ability to choose the type of home page that can be accessed. On the internet there are pornographic images and violence that can lead to encouragement to someone to act criminally.
Violence and Gore
Cruelty and violence are also displayed. Because the business and content aspects of the internet world are unlimited, site owners use all kinds of methods in order to 'sell' their sites. One of them by showing things that are taboo.
Fraud
It infectious all aspects. The internet is not spared from fraudsters. The best way is to disregard this or confirm the information you have obtained with the information provider.
Carding
Because of its immediate nature, how to shop using a credit card is the most widely used method in the internet world. The internet criminals also commit the most crimes in this field. With an open nature, criminals are able to detect transactions (using Credit Cards) on-line and record the Card code used. Henceforth they use the data they get for the benefit of their crime.
Gambling
Another effect is the expansion of gambling. With the available network, gamblers don't need to go to a special place to fulfill their desires. You just need to avoid sites like this, because gambling sites are generally not aggressive and require a lot of approval from visitors.
Understanding the Internet and Components According to Experts
Understanding the Internet and Components According to Experts
Understanding the Internet - Components, Forms, Benefits, History, Positive, Negative, Experts: Generally the internet is a computer network that is connected and works as a system.
Understanding the internet and intranet
Understanding the Internet
In general, the internet is a computer network that is connected and works as a system. While the internet in particular is the largest computer network in the world because it can connect all computer networks in all corners of the world. And while for the network is a way to be able to connect several computers so that each computer in it can be interconnected.
Understanding the Internet According to Experts
To know the understanding of the internet scientifically, it is good to listen to the opinions of experts about the understanding of the internet, and here are excerpts from some opinions of experts about the understanding of the internet:
According to Lani Sidharta (1996)
although physically the Internet is interconnection between computer networks, but in general the Internet must be seen as an information resource. Internet content is information, can be imagined as a database or multi-media library that is very large and complete. Even the Internet is seen as a world in another form (virtual) because almost all aspects of life in the real world exist on the internet such as business, entertainment, sports, politics and so forth.
Drew Heywood (1996)
Internet history begins in the late 1960s when the United States Department of Defense (DoD) needed a new standard for working Internet communications. That is a standard that is able to connect all types of computers in DoD with computers owned by military contractors, research and scientific organizations at universities. This network must be strong, safe and resistant to damage so that it can operate in the minimum conditions due to disaster or war.
Khoe Yao Tung,
which states that the internet is a network of communication satellites whose functions are very diverse and certainly are supporting the internet throughout the world.
strauss, El-Ansary, Frost (2003, p8)
The internet is an entire network that is connected to one another. Some computers on this network store files, such as web pages, which can be accessed by the entire computer network.
O'Brien (2003, p10)
The internet is a rapidly growing computer network of millions of businesses, education and government networks that are interconnected with more than 200 users.
Allan (2005, p12)
The internet is a collection of computer networks that are physically connected to each other and have the ability to read and decipher certain communication protocols called the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A protocol is a simple specification regarding how computers exchange information.
Onno W. Purbo
explained that the Internet with various applications such as the Web, VoIP, E-mail is basically a medium used to streamline the communication process. (Prihatna, 2005, p7).
computer rides (2005, p4)
The internet is a method for connecting various computers into one global network, through a protocol called the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP).
YUHEFIZAR
The internet and the web are a method for displaying information on the internet, both in the form of text, images, sound and video that are interactive and have the advantage to link (link) one document with other documents (hypertext) that can be accessed through a browser.
Mac Bride
translated by Sugeng defines the internet as follows: The internet is a global communication network that is open and connects thousands of computer networks, through public and private telephone lines (government and private). (Mac Bride, 1997: 1).
John December
The internet is defined as follows: The internet is a collection of computer networks that work together to globally distribute information exchanges through the TCP / IP protocol. (John December, 1997: 27)
Components of the Internet
www (world wide web)
www is an internet server system that supports hypertext applications to access several internet protocol interfaces. Nearly all the protocols that exist on the internet can be accessed via the web including such as Email, Telnet, FTP and Usenet News.
E-mail
Email or electronic mail is a service that can facilitate or assist in sending messages or files via e-mail, which can be received in seconds.
Telnet
Is a program for logging into other computers on the internet so that you can access online databases such as library catalogs, chat services and much more. Untul this telnet to another computer that needs to know the address of the computer, for that address in the form of words such as mail, uns, ac, id or can be a number like 202.158.48.243
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Is a method that can be used to transfer files from one computer to another computer on the internet. This FTP site contains books (e-books), softwares articles, games, images and all files on a computer can be transferred via FTP.
Usnet News
It is a discussion system in which millions of computers exchange information on many topics. The main difference between a usnet news and mailing list is that the usenet messege stored on the central computer "server" and the user must be connected to that computer to be able to read or download messages sent to each member's mailbox.
Mailing List
One of the advantages that can be taken from the internet is the opportunity to communicate with one another using email. This internet is a very wide place for discussion communities with certain topics distributed via email. A container for collecting emails in a particular community is by means of this thief list.
Transmission Technology
Broadcast network: has a single communication channel that is shared by all machines on the network. Point-to-point network: consists of several relationships of individual pairs of machines.
Understanding the Internet - Components, Forms, Benefits, History, Positive, Negative, Experts: Generally the internet is a computer network that is connected and works as a system.
Understanding the internet and intranet
Understanding the Internet
In general, the internet is a computer network that is connected and works as a system. While the internet in particular is the largest computer network in the world because it can connect all computer networks in all corners of the world. And while for the network is a way to be able to connect several computers so that each computer in it can be interconnected.
Understanding the Internet According to Experts
To know the understanding of the internet scientifically, it is good to listen to the opinions of experts about the understanding of the internet, and here are excerpts from some opinions of experts about the understanding of the internet:
According to Lani Sidharta (1996)
although physically the Internet is interconnection between computer networks, but in general the Internet must be seen as an information resource. Internet content is information, can be imagined as a database or multi-media library that is very large and complete. Even the Internet is seen as a world in another form (virtual) because almost all aspects of life in the real world exist on the internet such as business, entertainment, sports, politics and so forth.
Drew Heywood (1996)
Internet history begins in the late 1960s when the United States Department of Defense (DoD) needed a new standard for working Internet communications. That is a standard that is able to connect all types of computers in DoD with computers owned by military contractors, research and scientific organizations at universities. This network must be strong, safe and resistant to damage so that it can operate in the minimum conditions due to disaster or war.
Khoe Yao Tung,
which states that the internet is a network of communication satellites whose functions are very diverse and certainly are supporting the internet throughout the world.
strauss, El-Ansary, Frost (2003, p8)
The internet is an entire network that is connected to one another. Some computers on this network store files, such as web pages, which can be accessed by the entire computer network.
O'Brien (2003, p10)
The internet is a rapidly growing computer network of millions of businesses, education and government networks that are interconnected with more than 200 users.
Allan (2005, p12)
The internet is a collection of computer networks that are physically connected to each other and have the ability to read and decipher certain communication protocols called the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A protocol is a simple specification regarding how computers exchange information.
Onno W. Purbo
explained that the Internet with various applications such as the Web, VoIP, E-mail is basically a medium used to streamline the communication process. (Prihatna, 2005, p7).
computer rides (2005, p4)
The internet is a method for connecting various computers into one global network, through a protocol called the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP).
YUHEFIZAR
The internet and the web are a method for displaying information on the internet, both in the form of text, images, sound and video that are interactive and have the advantage to link (link) one document with other documents (hypertext) that can be accessed through a browser.
Mac Bride
translated by Sugeng defines the internet as follows: The internet is a global communication network that is open and connects thousands of computer networks, through public and private telephone lines (government and private). (Mac Bride, 1997: 1).
John December
The internet is defined as follows: The internet is a collection of computer networks that work together to globally distribute information exchanges through the TCP / IP protocol. (John December, 1997: 27)
Components of the Internet
www (world wide web)
www is an internet server system that supports hypertext applications to access several internet protocol interfaces. Nearly all the protocols that exist on the internet can be accessed via the web including such as Email, Telnet, FTP and Usenet News.
Email or electronic mail is a service that can facilitate or assist in sending messages or files via e-mail, which can be received in seconds.
Telnet
Is a program for logging into other computers on the internet so that you can access online databases such as library catalogs, chat services and much more. Untul this telnet to another computer that needs to know the address of the computer, for that address in the form of words such as mail, uns, ac, id or can be a number like 202.158.48.243
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Is a method that can be used to transfer files from one computer to another computer on the internet. This FTP site contains books (e-books), softwares articles, games, images and all files on a computer can be transferred via FTP.
Usnet News
It is a discussion system in which millions of computers exchange information on many topics. The main difference between a usnet news and mailing list is that the usenet messege stored on the central computer "server" and the user must be connected to that computer to be able to read or download messages sent to each member's mailbox.
Mailing List
One of the advantages that can be taken from the internet is the opportunity to communicate with one another using email. This internet is a very wide place for discussion communities with certain topics distributed via email. A container for collecting emails in a particular community is by means of this thief list.
Transmission Technology
Broadcast network: has a single communication channel that is shared by all machines on the network. Point-to-point network: consists of several relationships of individual pairs of machines.
Understanding Computer Programs According to Experts
Understanding Computer Programs According to Experts
Understanding Programs - Computers, Examples, Activities, Experts: A program is a set of instructions that are used as computer regulators in order to carry out certain commands.
13 Definition of the Program According to Experts and Complete Examples
Understanding the Program
The program is a set of instructions that are used as computer regulators to be able to run certain commands. Without the program, the computer actually can not do anything. Just like an empty machine. The program is part of several important aspects of a computer. There may also be an assumption that computers cover three important aspects. The components are as follows.
A computer program is a set of instructions written to carry out specific functions on a computer. Computers in general require the existence of programs in order to carry out their functions, generally this is done by executing a set of program instructions on the processor.
hardware
software (software) in this case a program,
brainware or people who play a role in computer operations and software development (operators).
Understanding Computer Programs
A computer program is a large list of commands to be performed by a computer, perhaps with data in a table. Many computer programs contain millions of commands, and many of them are carried out repeatedly. A common modern personal computer (in 2003) can carry out around 2-3 billion orders in a second.
Computers do not get their extraordinary abilities through the ability to carry out complex commands. But they do millions of simple commands arranged by smart people, programmers. "Good programmers develop sets of commands to do ordinary tasks (for example, drawing points on the screen) and then make those sets of commands available to other programmers."
Nowadays, it seems like most computers could do several things at once. This is usually referred to as a dual task. In fact, the UPS executes an order from one program, then after a while, the UPS switches to the second program and carries out several commands.
This small time interval is often referred to as a time slice. This creates the delusion of a multiple-fold program that is carried out simultaneously by giving the UPS time between programs. This is similar to how a film is just a series of lightning still framing.
15 Understanding the Program According to Experts
The following are definitions defined by experts. Let's look at the explanation below
Sukrisno
The program is an excretion, word, or statement that is strung together and arranged into a unified procedure, in the form of a sequence of steps, to be able to solve the problem given by using a programming language so that it can be executed by a computer.
According to KKBI
Programs in computer science are programs that were created specifically to enable computers to perform certain functions.
Amikom Yogyakarta
The program is a collection of computer instructions, while the stages and systematic methods in a program are algorithms.
Ema Utami
The program is a collection of programming languages.
Sugiyono (2005: 21)
The program is a series of instructions in computer language that are arranged systematically and logically.
Yulikuspartono (2009: 29)
The program is a series of statements or instructions in a language understood by the computer concerned.
Anwar Harjono
The program is a sequence of instructions so that it can run a computation.
Saifuddin Anshari
The program is a detailed list of businesses and ways to be implemented.
Sunarto, S.Kom
The program is a set of interactions that are realized in the form of language, schematic code, and so on, if combined with media that can be read with a computer will be able to make the computer work so that it can perform its special functions, and also preparation in designing certain interactions.
Wiryanto Dewobroto
The program is the result of compiling detailed steps of the solution (algorithm) of a problem.
Binanto (2009: 1)
According to Binanto, programming can be interpreted in several ways, as follows:
Describe separate instructions which are usually referred to as Souce Code created by the programmer.
Describe an entire piece of executable software.
A program is a collection or collection of written instructions created by a programmer or an executable part of a piece of software.
Programming means creating a computer program.
Programming is a collection of sequences of commands to the computer to do something. These commands require a separate language that can be understood by the computer.
Sindhunata
The program is a collection of sequential statements and almost the same thing used is to tell the computer how to carry out subuah work.
Janner Simarmata
A program is an application that is created using a specific program language and is installed on the computer.
Wikipedia
A computer program is a set of instructions written to carry out specific functions on a computer.
Agoeng Widyatmoko
The program is the application of the results of the analysis of problem solving made in the form of computer programs.
Example Program
The use of arithmetic operations expressions that produce values, for example: 2 + 2 produces the value 4. And the command that encompasses the delegation of values from the arithmetic operations into a variable, for example: x: = 2 + 2; if x = 4 then do something ().
Understanding Programs - Computers, Examples, Activities, Experts: A program is a set of instructions that are used as computer regulators in order to carry out certain commands.
13 Definition of the Program According to Experts and Complete Examples
Understanding the Program
The program is a set of instructions that are used as computer regulators to be able to run certain commands. Without the program, the computer actually can not do anything. Just like an empty machine. The program is part of several important aspects of a computer. There may also be an assumption that computers cover three important aspects. The components are as follows.
A computer program is a set of instructions written to carry out specific functions on a computer. Computers in general require the existence of programs in order to carry out their functions, generally this is done by executing a set of program instructions on the processor.
hardware
software (software) in this case a program,
brainware or people who play a role in computer operations and software development (operators).
Understanding Computer Programs
A computer program is a large list of commands to be performed by a computer, perhaps with data in a table. Many computer programs contain millions of commands, and many of them are carried out repeatedly. A common modern personal computer (in 2003) can carry out around 2-3 billion orders in a second.
Computers do not get their extraordinary abilities through the ability to carry out complex commands. But they do millions of simple commands arranged by smart people, programmers. "Good programmers develop sets of commands to do ordinary tasks (for example, drawing points on the screen) and then make those sets of commands available to other programmers."
Nowadays, it seems like most computers could do several things at once. This is usually referred to as a dual task. In fact, the UPS executes an order from one program, then after a while, the UPS switches to the second program and carries out several commands.
This small time interval is often referred to as a time slice. This creates the delusion of a multiple-fold program that is carried out simultaneously by giving the UPS time between programs. This is similar to how a film is just a series of lightning still framing.
15 Understanding the Program According to Experts
The following are definitions defined by experts. Let's look at the explanation below
Sukrisno
The program is an excretion, word, or statement that is strung together and arranged into a unified procedure, in the form of a sequence of steps, to be able to solve the problem given by using a programming language so that it can be executed by a computer.
According to KKBI
Programs in computer science are programs that were created specifically to enable computers to perform certain functions.
Amikom Yogyakarta
The program is a collection of computer instructions, while the stages and systematic methods in a program are algorithms.
Ema Utami
The program is a collection of programming languages.
Sugiyono (2005: 21)
The program is a series of instructions in computer language that are arranged systematically and logically.
Yulikuspartono (2009: 29)
The program is a series of statements or instructions in a language understood by the computer concerned.
Anwar Harjono
The program is a sequence of instructions so that it can run a computation.
Saifuddin Anshari
The program is a detailed list of businesses and ways to be implemented.
Sunarto, S.Kom
The program is a set of interactions that are realized in the form of language, schematic code, and so on, if combined with media that can be read with a computer will be able to make the computer work so that it can perform its special functions, and also preparation in designing certain interactions.
Wiryanto Dewobroto
The program is the result of compiling detailed steps of the solution (algorithm) of a problem.
Binanto (2009: 1)
According to Binanto, programming can be interpreted in several ways, as follows:
Describe separate instructions which are usually referred to as Souce Code created by the programmer.
Describe an entire piece of executable software.
A program is a collection or collection of written instructions created by a programmer or an executable part of a piece of software.
Programming means creating a computer program.
Programming is a collection of sequences of commands to the computer to do something. These commands require a separate language that can be understood by the computer.
Sindhunata
The program is a collection of sequential statements and almost the same thing used is to tell the computer how to carry out subuah work.
Janner Simarmata
A program is an application that is created using a specific program language and is installed on the computer.
Wikipedia
A computer program is a set of instructions written to carry out specific functions on a computer.
Agoeng Widyatmoko
The program is the application of the results of the analysis of problem solving made in the form of computer programs.
Example Program
The use of arithmetic operations expressions that produce values, for example: 2 + 2 produces the value 4. And the command that encompasses the delegation of values from the arithmetic operations into a variable, for example: x: = 2 + 2; if x = 4 then do something ().
Data Model, Database Schema and Instant
Data Model, Database Schema and Instant
Data models can be grouped based on the concept of making a database structure description, namely:
1. The conceptual data model (high level) presents concepts about how users perceive or treat data. In this model, three concepts of data presentation are introduced, namely:
Entity (entity) is the presentation of objects, events or real-world concepts whose existence is explicitly defined and stored in a database, for example: Students, Subjects, Lecturers, Values and so forth.
Attributes are information that explains the characteristics of an entity such as Name, Faculty, Department for Student entities.
Relationship (relationship) is a relationship or interaction between one entity with another, for example a customer entity related to the entity of goods purchased.
2. Fiscal data model (low level) is a concept of how detailed description of data is stored into a computer by presenting information about the recording format, the order of the recording, and data access paths that can make searching for data records more efficient.
3. Implementation data model (representational) is the concept of description of data stored in a computer by hiding part of the detailed description of the data so that users get a global picture of how the data is stored on the computer. This model is a data model concept used by the hierarchical, network and relational models.
Database Schema and Instant
Database schema is a description of the database whose specifications are determined in the design stage but are not expected to be changed at any time. Schematic depictions generally only contain a part of the database description description.
Database Schema and Instant
A group of data that is arranged in a row of records (record / tuple) and stored in a database is called instances or occurences.
Relational Data Model
In the relational model, the database will be "spread" or sorted into various two-dimensional tables. Each table always consists of a horizontal row called a row of data (row / record) and a vertical row commonly referred to as a column (column / field).
Example of a Table and its connectedness:
Relational Data Model
Advantages of Relational Database
The shape is simple
Easily perform various data operations
Terms in the Relational Database:
Relation
A relation is a table consisting of several columns and several rows. Relationship shows the relationship between a number of entities originating from a set of different entities. Entities are individuals who represent something tangible and can be distinguished from the others.
Attribute
Attributes are columns in a relation. Each entity must have an aribut that describes the character of the entity. Determination or selection of attributes that are relevant to an entity is important in the formation of data models.
Tuple
Tuple is a line in a relation or a collection of interconnected elements that inform about an entity in full. One record represents one data or information about a person, for example: NPM, student name, address, city, etc.
Domain
A valid set of values for one or more attributes
Degree
The number of attributes in a relation
Cardinality
The number of tuples in a relation
Graph attribute
Relational Key
Super key
An attribute / set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple in a relation.
Candidate key
An attribute or a minimum set of attributes that uniquely identifies a specific event of an entity. An attribute in a relation that usually has a unique value. A minimum set of attributes implies that we cannot remove several attributes in the set without destroying unique ownership.
Primary key
Is an attribute or a minimum set of attributes that not only uniquely identifies a specific event, but can also represent each event of an entity. Candidate key chosen to uniquely identify a tuple in a relation. Each candidate key has the opportunity to become a primary key, but it is better to choose one that can represent the whole entity.
Alternate key
Is a candidate key that is not used as a primary key or Candidate key that is not selected as a primary key.
Foreign key
Attributes with the same domain that are the primary key in a relation but in other relations these attributes are only as ordinary attributes. The guest key is placed on a subsidiary entity and is the same as the primary primary key associated.
Relational Key
Relational Integrity Rules
Null
The value of an attribute that is unknown and is not suitable for that line (tuple). Null value (constant) is used to declare / fill in attributes whose value is indeed not ready / missing.
Entity Integrity
There is no one primary key component that is null.
Referential Integrity
A domain can be used as a primary key if it is a single attribute on the domain in question. Languages in Relational Databases Use query language statements submitted to retrieve information. Query Language (Query Language) is more emphasized on the aspect of searching data from within a table. This search aspect is so important because it is the core of the effort for data management.
Database Creation
In making a database there are several stages, including:
Collection and Analysis
Define user groups and their application fields: identify application fields and user groups, then select user group members who can be used as the main user keys that can represent their groups
Review existing documentation: study and analyze the documents in a particular application.
Analysis of the operating environment and data processing: studying the system that is running either still using the human system or already using a computer system
Questionnaire and interview: to potential users who are deemed potential to obtain the required information and process specifications.
Conceptual database design
Conceptual scheme design: about the organization of data that must be stored in a database
Transaction design: conducted to obtain information from the database system analysis results in stage 1
Database design process
Collection and analysis of requirements
Conceptual database design
Selection of DBMS
Mapping from conceptual to logical
Physical Design
Implementation
Data models can be grouped based on the concept of making a database structure description, namely:
1. The conceptual data model (high level) presents concepts about how users perceive or treat data. In this model, three concepts of data presentation are introduced, namely:
Entity (entity) is the presentation of objects, events or real-world concepts whose existence is explicitly defined and stored in a database, for example: Students, Subjects, Lecturers, Values and so forth.
Attributes are information that explains the characteristics of an entity such as Name, Faculty, Department for Student entities.
Relationship (relationship) is a relationship or interaction between one entity with another, for example a customer entity related to the entity of goods purchased.
2. Fiscal data model (low level) is a concept of how detailed description of data is stored into a computer by presenting information about the recording format, the order of the recording, and data access paths that can make searching for data records more efficient.
3. Implementation data model (representational) is the concept of description of data stored in a computer by hiding part of the detailed description of the data so that users get a global picture of how the data is stored on the computer. This model is a data model concept used by the hierarchical, network and relational models.
Database Schema and Instant
Database schema is a description of the database whose specifications are determined in the design stage but are not expected to be changed at any time. Schematic depictions generally only contain a part of the database description description.
Database Schema and Instant
A group of data that is arranged in a row of records (record / tuple) and stored in a database is called instances or occurences.
Relational Data Model
In the relational model, the database will be "spread" or sorted into various two-dimensional tables. Each table always consists of a horizontal row called a row of data (row / record) and a vertical row commonly referred to as a column (column / field).
Example of a Table and its connectedness:
Relational Data Model
Advantages of Relational Database
The shape is simple
Easily perform various data operations
Terms in the Relational Database:
Relation
A relation is a table consisting of several columns and several rows. Relationship shows the relationship between a number of entities originating from a set of different entities. Entities are individuals who represent something tangible and can be distinguished from the others.
Attribute
Attributes are columns in a relation. Each entity must have an aribut that describes the character of the entity. Determination or selection of attributes that are relevant to an entity is important in the formation of data models.
Tuple
Tuple is a line in a relation or a collection of interconnected elements that inform about an entity in full. One record represents one data or information about a person, for example: NPM, student name, address, city, etc.
Domain
A valid set of values for one or more attributes
Degree
The number of attributes in a relation
Cardinality
The number of tuples in a relation
Graph attribute
Relational Key
Super key
An attribute / set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple in a relation.
Candidate key
An attribute or a minimum set of attributes that uniquely identifies a specific event of an entity. An attribute in a relation that usually has a unique value. A minimum set of attributes implies that we cannot remove several attributes in the set without destroying unique ownership.
Primary key
Is an attribute or a minimum set of attributes that not only uniquely identifies a specific event, but can also represent each event of an entity. Candidate key chosen to uniquely identify a tuple in a relation. Each candidate key has the opportunity to become a primary key, but it is better to choose one that can represent the whole entity.
Alternate key
Is a candidate key that is not used as a primary key or Candidate key that is not selected as a primary key.
Foreign key
Attributes with the same domain that are the primary key in a relation but in other relations these attributes are only as ordinary attributes. The guest key is placed on a subsidiary entity and is the same as the primary primary key associated.
Relational Key
Relational Integrity Rules
Null
The value of an attribute that is unknown and is not suitable for that line (tuple). Null value (constant) is used to declare / fill in attributes whose value is indeed not ready / missing.
Entity Integrity
There is no one primary key component that is null.
Referential Integrity
A domain can be used as a primary key if it is a single attribute on the domain in question. Languages in Relational Databases Use query language statements submitted to retrieve information. Query Language (Query Language) is more emphasized on the aspect of searching data from within a table. This search aspect is so important because it is the core of the effort for data management.
Database Creation
In making a database there are several stages, including:
Collection and Analysis
Define user groups and their application fields: identify application fields and user groups, then select user group members who can be used as the main user keys that can represent their groups
Review existing documentation: study and analyze the documents in a particular application.
Analysis of the operating environment and data processing: studying the system that is running either still using the human system or already using a computer system
Questionnaire and interview: to potential users who are deemed potential to obtain the required information and process specifications.
Conceptual database design
Conceptual scheme design: about the organization of data that must be stored in a database
Transaction design: conducted to obtain information from the database system analysis results in stage 1
Database design process
Collection and analysis of requirements
Conceptual database design
Selection of DBMS
Mapping from conceptual to logical
Physical Design
Implementation
Advantages of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Advantages of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Storing data in the form of a DBMS has many benefits and advantages compared to storing in a flat file or spreadsheet, including:
Performance that is obtained by storing in the form of a DBMS is quite large, very much different from the performance data stored in the form of flat files. Besides having a better performance, it will also get efficient use of storage media and memory
Data integrity is more guaranteed with the use of DBMS. Redundancy problems often occur in DBMS. Redundancy is the recurrence of data or the same data set in a database that results in wasteful storage media.
Independence. Changes in database structure are possible without having to change the application that accesses them so that making interfaces into the data will be easier with the use of DBMS.
Centralization. Centralized data would simplify database management. the ease of sharing with DBMS and the consistency of data accessed together will be more secure than data stored in scattered files or worksheets.
Security. DBMS has a security system that is more flexible than security on operating system files. Security in the DBMS will give flexibility in granting access rights to users.
Benefits of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Data independence, the DBMS provides an approach that makes changes in the data not making the program must be changed.
Efficient access to data, DBMS provides a variety of sophisticated techniques so that data storage and retrieval is carried out efficiently.
Data security and integrity, because data is controlled by the DBMS, the DBMS can impose data integrity constraints. Anything that does not fit the definition of a field and the restraints attached to the field will be rejected. For example, if the Gender_Field field is declared as P or W, then saving L to that field will automatically be rejected by the DBMS.
Data administration, if a number of users share data, centralizing administration can improve significant improvements. In this way, data duplication or redundancy can be minimized.
Concurrent access and recovery against failure, the DBMS provides a mechanism so that the same data can be accessed by a number of people at the same time. In addition, the DBMS protects the user from the effects of system failure. If a system failure occurs, the DBMS can restore data as it was before the failure.
Shortest application development time, DBMS offers many facilities that make it easy to arrange applications so that application development time can be shortened.
Weakness of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
High & Expensive DBMS Costs & Prices The need to obtain the right software and hardware is quite expensive, including the maintenance costs and the human resources that manage the database.
Very complex. The database system is more complex than the file process, so that errors can be easily made and more difficult to maintain data.
Centralized data risk. Data that is centralized in one location can risk data loss during the application process.
Requires a large storage media
Requires large computer memory
Requires high / specific hardware specifications
Requires a long time for system conversion
Sometimes the performance of the DBMS is low performance
The risk of failure is quite high
DBMS Architecture and Components
Data Base Management System Architecture (DBMS)
This architecture is known as a three-schema architecture where this function is to separate the physical database from the user application program. These schemes are as follows:
Internal level is an internal scheme that contains a description of the database storage structure and uses a physical data model and defines in detail the data storage in the database, as well as the data access path.
The conceptual level is a scheme that contains a description of the overall database structure for all users. This scheme only contains descriptions of entities, attributes, relationships and constraints, without loading detailed data descriptions.
An external level is an external scheme (user view) that defines the data view of a group of users (local view) by hiding other data that is not needed by that user group.
Component Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Interface, which includes data manipulation language (data definition language) for external schemes, conceptual schemes and internal schemes.
Database control system (Database Control System) that accesses the database due to commands from the data manipulation language.
Hardware (Hardware) Hardware that is usually contained in a database system is the hard disk secondary memory.
Operating System (Operating System) Operating System (Operating System) is a program that activates or functions a computer system, controls all resources (resources) and perform operations in a computer. Operating systems that are widely used such as: MS-DOS, MS-Windows 95, MS Windows NT, and Unix.
Database (Database) A database (Database) can have multiple databases. Each database can contain or have a number of database objects such as files or tables.
User (User) For users can interact with databases and manipulate data in programs written in programming languages.
Database administrator is the person or group responsible for implementing the database system within an organization
End users are people who are in front of the workstation and interact directly with the system.
Application programmers, people who interact with databases in different ways.
Examples of languages using these components are SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is the standard language used by most DBMS applications.
Storing data in the form of a DBMS has many benefits and advantages compared to storing in a flat file or spreadsheet, including:
Performance that is obtained by storing in the form of a DBMS is quite large, very much different from the performance data stored in the form of flat files. Besides having a better performance, it will also get efficient use of storage media and memory
Data integrity is more guaranteed with the use of DBMS. Redundancy problems often occur in DBMS. Redundancy is the recurrence of data or the same data set in a database that results in wasteful storage media.
Independence. Changes in database structure are possible without having to change the application that accesses them so that making interfaces into the data will be easier with the use of DBMS.
Centralization. Centralized data would simplify database management. the ease of sharing with DBMS and the consistency of data accessed together will be more secure than data stored in scattered files or worksheets.
Security. DBMS has a security system that is more flexible than security on operating system files. Security in the DBMS will give flexibility in granting access rights to users.
Benefits of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Data independence, the DBMS provides an approach that makes changes in the data not making the program must be changed.
Efficient access to data, DBMS provides a variety of sophisticated techniques so that data storage and retrieval is carried out efficiently.
Data security and integrity, because data is controlled by the DBMS, the DBMS can impose data integrity constraints. Anything that does not fit the definition of a field and the restraints attached to the field will be rejected. For example, if the Gender_Field field is declared as P or W, then saving L to that field will automatically be rejected by the DBMS.
Data administration, if a number of users share data, centralizing administration can improve significant improvements. In this way, data duplication or redundancy can be minimized.
Concurrent access and recovery against failure, the DBMS provides a mechanism so that the same data can be accessed by a number of people at the same time. In addition, the DBMS protects the user from the effects of system failure. If a system failure occurs, the DBMS can restore data as it was before the failure.
Shortest application development time, DBMS offers many facilities that make it easy to arrange applications so that application development time can be shortened.
Weakness of Data Base Management System (DBMS)
High & Expensive DBMS Costs & Prices The need to obtain the right software and hardware is quite expensive, including the maintenance costs and the human resources that manage the database.
Very complex. The database system is more complex than the file process, so that errors can be easily made and more difficult to maintain data.
Centralized data risk. Data that is centralized in one location can risk data loss during the application process.
Requires a large storage media
Requires large computer memory
Requires high / specific hardware specifications
Requires a long time for system conversion
Sometimes the performance of the DBMS is low performance
The risk of failure is quite high
DBMS Architecture and Components
Data Base Management System Architecture (DBMS)
This architecture is known as a three-schema architecture where this function is to separate the physical database from the user application program. These schemes are as follows:
Internal level is an internal scheme that contains a description of the database storage structure and uses a physical data model and defines in detail the data storage in the database, as well as the data access path.
The conceptual level is a scheme that contains a description of the overall database structure for all users. This scheme only contains descriptions of entities, attributes, relationships and constraints, without loading detailed data descriptions.
An external level is an external scheme (user view) that defines the data view of a group of users (local view) by hiding other data that is not needed by that user group.
Component Data Base Management System (DBMS)
Interface, which includes data manipulation language (data definition language) for external schemes, conceptual schemes and internal schemes.
Database control system (Database Control System) that accesses the database due to commands from the data manipulation language.
Hardware (Hardware) Hardware that is usually contained in a database system is the hard disk secondary memory.
Operating System (Operating System) Operating System (Operating System) is a program that activates or functions a computer system, controls all resources (resources) and perform operations in a computer. Operating systems that are widely used such as: MS-DOS, MS-Windows 95, MS Windows NT, and Unix.
Database (Database) A database (Database) can have multiple databases. Each database can contain or have a number of database objects such as files or tables.
User (User) For users can interact with databases and manipulate data in programs written in programming languages.
Database administrator is the person or group responsible for implementing the database system within an organization
End users are people who are in front of the workstation and interact directly with the system.
Application programmers, people who interact with databases in different ways.
Examples of languages using these components are SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is the standard language used by most DBMS applications.
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